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Contributions to South American Archeology

Volume I

IKVINO PRESS
NEW YORK

5

Contribxitions to South American Archeology

The George G. Heye Expedition

The Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador
A Preliminary Report

BY

MAKSHALL H. SAYILLE

Loubat Professor of American Archeology

Colmnbia University O^-OO''"^

NEW YOKK
1907

This edition is limited to 300 copies,
of wMch tliis is No. ev /

PREFACE

The archeological researches in the northwestern part of
South America, described in this monograph, were undertaken
by the writer with the financial support and co-operation of
George Gr. Heye, Esq., of New York City. The plan of the
work is to collect and publish data relating to the precolumbian
inhabitants of the entire region lying between Peru and
Panama.

CONTENTS

Page

Preface vii

Introduction 1

Geography and Description of the Province - . . 5

Historical Accounts of the Spanish Conquest and of the Natives 8

Archeology 16

Wells 16

Euins 19

Stone Seats 23

Human Figures 49

Animal Fignires - 56

Column on Animal's Back 57

Animal on Column 58

Columns 59

Quadrangular Sculptures 61

Bas-Eeliefs 61

Eesonant Stone ----- 67

Metates 68

Emeralds 69

Gold, Silver, and Copper 70

Ceramics 73

Pottery Vessels 74

Moulds 75

Stamps 76

Spindle-Whorls 76

Whistles 77

Human Figures 80

Human Heads 81

Animal Heads 82

Appendix 83

Notes 85

Bibliography 121

LIST OE ILLUSTKATIOIS^S

FIGURES

Fig. Page

1 39

2 56

3 57

4 60

5 60

6 - - - - - - 62

7 63

8 - 63

9 75

Plate
I

II

III

IV

Y

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

XI

XII

XIII

XIV

XV

XVI

XVII

XVIII

XTX

PLATES

House in Monte Cristi: Cerro Bravo in the background.

Hotel in Monte Cristi: Hill of Monte Cristi in the background.

House in Monte Cristi.

Town of Picoaza.

Euins of Houses in the Cerro de Hojas where stone seats are found.

Seat from Cerro Jaboncillo.

Seat from Cerro Jaboncillo,

Seat from Cerro Jaboncillo.

Seat from Cerro Jaboncillo.

Seat from Cerro de Hojas.

Seats from Cerro de Hojas.

Seats from Cerro de Hojas.

Seats from Cerro Jaboncillo.

Seats from Cerro Jupa and Cerro Jaboncillo.

Seats from Cerro de Hojas and Cerro Jaboncillo.

Broken Seats from Cerro de Hojas.

Seat from Cerro Agua Nuevo.

Seat from Cerro de Hojas.

Small Seats from Cerro de Hojas and Cerro Jaboncillo.

Seats from Cerro JabonciUo.

Seats from Cerro JabonciUo and Cerro de Hojas.

Plate

XX Seats from Cerro Jupa.

XXI Seats from Cerro Jupa and Cerro Agua Nuevo.

XXII Seats from Cerro de Hojas.

XXIII Seat from Cerro de Hojas.

XXIV Seat from Cerro de Hojas.
XXV Seat from Cerro Agua Nuevo.

XXVI Seat from Cerro Jupa.

XXVII Seats from Cerro Jaboncillo and Cerro Agua Nuevo.

XXVIII Human Figures from Cerro de Hojas.

XXIX Human Figures from Cerro de Hojas.

XXX Human Figures from Cerro de Hojas.

XXXI Animal Figure from Cerro de Hojas.

XXXII Animal Sculptures from Cerro de Hojas.

XXXIII Columns from Cerro de Hojas.

XXXIV Columns from Cerro de Hojas.
XXXV Bas-reliefs from Cerro Jaboncillo.

XXXVI Bas-reliefs from Cerro Jaboncillo.

XXXVEI Fragments of Bas-reliefs from Cerro Jaboncillo.

XXXVIII Bas-relief from Cerro Jaboncillo.

XXXIX Bas-relief from Cerro Jaboncillo.

XL Metates and Hand-stones from Cerro de Hojas.

XLI Copper Discs from Manantial.

XLII Copper Objects, Pottery Vessels, and Stamps.

XLIII Designs on Spindle-whorls,

XLIV Designs on Spindle-whorls.

XLV Designs on Spindle-whorls.

XL VI Designs on Spindle-whorls.

XL VII Designs on Spindle-whorls.

XL VIII Designs on Spindle-whorls.

XLIX Whistles.

L Whistles.

LI Human Figures.

LII Human Heads.

LIII Human Heads.

LIV Human Heads and Fragment of Vessel.

LV Animal Heads.

The Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador

INTRODUCTION

The western coast of South America, north of Peru, which includes
the coast provinces of Ecuador and Colombia, is very little known arche-
ologically, and but few collections have been made in this entire region :
the same is true of the vast interior table-lands which run from south to
north between the western and the eastern ranges of the Andes. In
prehistoric times this great region was occupied by various tribes with
different degrees of culture. To the north, in Colombia, we find the
remains of the Chibchas, whose territory was well to the east of the eastern
range of mountains (the city of Bogota is practically in the centre of this
old-culture area) ; to the west, in the Oauca Yalley, are the remains of
the Quimbayas ; a little to the north, in the state of Antioquia, are
numerous evidences of another ancient culture ; in the southern part of
the Cauca Yalley, around Call and the city of Popayan, are the remains
of an equally independent culture. In the state of Antioquia the limits
of the northern culture are not well defined. In the northwest, towards
Darien and the Isthmus of Panama, are dense and humid forests, which
probably never supported any great number of natives : this region inter-
venes between the province of Chiriqui, now in the Republic of Panama,
and the seat of ancient culture in Antioquia. It is a well-known fact that
the il^ahuas of Mexico from time to time sent out various colonies, which
settled along the west coast of Central America, in the interior of Costa
Rica, and their southernmost settlement was on the Chiriqui lagoon.
South of Popayan we come into the immediate confines of the Republic
of Ecuador; and in this great region the Quichuas, or, as they are com-
monly known, Incas, extended their influence from Peru northward
during the middle of the fifteenth century, and established themselves in
Quito. Thus we have the influence of the ancient Mexicans separated from
that of the ancient Peruvians by the stretch of land extending from Quito
northward to the Isthmus of Panama.

2 Contributions to South American Archeology

In Ecuador it is safe to assunie that before the Peruvians entered the
country there were at least five different centres of culture. The people
of the northernmost centre inhabited the province of Imbabura, which is
between Quito and Popayan ; Quito itself was the centre of another
ancient culture, — the Oaras. To the south we find, near Riobamba, the
remains of the Puruhas; still farther to the south, in the mountains of
Azuay (around Ouenca, Canar, Ohordeleg, and Sigsig), are the remains of
the Canaris. This latter centre of culture was presumably much more
influenced by Inca civilization than were the centres of the north,
being much nearer to the northern frontier of Peru. On the coast we
find the remains of two entirely different cultures. In the province of
Manabi, in a dry and arid strip extending from the equator south towards
Guayaquil, there developed a unique civilization which apparently suffered
but little from Incasic influence: the limits of this culture are not well
determined. In northern Manabi and along the coast of the province of
Esmeraldas there are the remains of another distinct culture. In fact,
this great region, extending north from the frontier of Peru to the Isthmus
of Panama, has as yet been but imperfectly studied, and there are no
adequate archeological collections illustrating the state of civilization
reached in precolumbian times in this part of South America.

For the reasons mentioned above, it was planned to make a general
trip through the entire region during the summer of 1906, visiting the coast
region of Manabi, and thence journeying into the interior from Riobamba
northward, — passing through Quito, Ibarra, Popayan, Oali, and Oartago in
the Quimbaya region of the Cauca Yalley, — then penetrating into the state
of Antioquia, in order to obtain such information and material as could be
gathered in the short space of a four-months' trip, to be supplemented by
photographs of various archeological objects and of ruins which might be
found during the journey. This plan proved altogether too ambitious an
undertaking for a single summer's work, and, on our arrival on the coast
of Manabi, it was found advisable to limit our travels and observations to
Ecuador : consequently we remained six weeks investigating the ruins and
antiquities of the province of Manabi. Later a trip was made into the
interior, taking the railroad from Guayaquil to Riobamba, where we
remained six weeks, carrying on the same class of investigations, and
visiting the outlying pueblos, where the remains of the Puruhas are to be

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 3

found. Later a trip was made from Riobamba to Mocha, Ambato, Lata-
cunga, Quito, and Perucho. We succeeded in obtaining considerable
information regarding the archeology of two centres of culture ; namely,
Manabi, and the region of the Puruhas, in the vicinity of Riobamba.

Eoster H. Saville — who had previous experience in archeological work
in Mexico, having been a member of three Loubat expeditions in the state
of Oaxaca — was assistant on the present expedition. We left ^N'ew York
early in May, which enabled us to reach Ecuador shortly after the end of
the rainy season. After the trip of seven days from Kew York to Colon,
and the two hours and a half trip by rail across the Isthmus to Panama,
it was found that the boats southward from that port did not connect
with any of the three lines arriving in Colon from the United States.
Therefore we were obliged to remain five days on the Isthmus in order
to make connections with the coast steamer, our objective point being
Manta, the seaport of the province of Manabi and the second largest
port in Ecuador.

On the evening of the second day after sailing from Panama, we arrived
at the entrance of the Bay of Buenaventura. The next morning we pro-
ceeded up the bay about eight miles to Buenaventura, the most important
Colombian seaport on the Pacific coast. It is situated on an island near
the mouth of the Rio Dagua, and is one of the most forlorn and desolate
places we found in the tropics. The climate is extremely humid, and the
narrow streets are usually ankle-deep in mud. During the three days we
were obliged to remain in Buenaventura we rarely saw the sun, as it rained
almost constantly. There is a cable station here, and a railroad, which runs
inland as far as the small village of Cordova. The control of this railroad
has passed into American hands, and vigorous work is being done to extend
it to Call, which is between the western and central ranges of the Andes in
the great Cauca Yalley. When this railroad is completed, it Avill open up
perhaps the most fertile valley, and certainly one of the richest regions for
agriculture and mining, to be found in any part of western South America.
At present it extends about twenty-five miles, and has not yet reached the
foothills of the western Andean range. It is to be standard gauge, and the
engineers expect that in two years the city of Call will be reached.

A few hours after leaving Buenaventura, the Island of Gallo was
passed. This island will be remembered in connection with the conquest

4 Contributions to Sotith American Archeology

of Pern by Pizarro. It is related tliat on this desolate spot the soldiers
and sailors, becoming discouraged with the difficnlties of the voyage for-
ward, wished to retreat, and that Pizarro, tracing a line on the sand from
east to west, declared his intention to go forward, and stepping over the line
was soon followed by others: thus the tide of discontent was turned, and
the expedition proceeded on its way. In the afternoon we arrived at the
port of Tumaco, the southernmost in Colombia, not far distant from the
northern frontier of Ecuador. The entrance to this little town is one of
the most picturesque imaginable. There is a high island, called El Morro,
with steep wooded slopes, which we had to steam around before a glimpse
of the town was obtained. The town itself differs but little from the ordi-
nary west coast towns of South America.

Sailing all night, we arrived at Esmeraldas, the northernmost port in
Ecuador, at eight o'clock in the morning, anchoring several miles from the
shore. Esmeraldas lies on the southern bank of the Eio Esmeraldas, and
the entrance and river itself are full of flats and reefs. This town was
quite severely shaken by earthquakes in Pebruary, 1906, and a number
of the houses were seen in total ruin. An important industry here is the
making of cigars, the Esmeraldas tobacco being the best flavored and the
most appreciated of any tobacco raised on the west coast of South America.
A glimpse was obtained of several of the Oayapas Indians, who had come
to Esmeraldas from their forest homes in the interior, near the Oayapas
River. They are probably the descendants of the earliest inhabitants of
this part of the country, and have never been Christianized, speaking their
own language, preserving their own customs, and living in the forests,
isolated and remote from white settlements.

At sunrise the next morning we crossed the equator, and arrived at
Bahia a few hours later, where we remained all day, unloading cargo.
This town is at the beginning of the arid zone of Manabi, and is but a short
distance north of Manta. Leaving Bahia the following morning, shortly
before noon, we arrived at Manta four hours later ; this being our point
of destination. There are no piers or wharfs in Manta, and steamers come to
anchor a mile or more from the shore. All baggage goes to the land in
lighters, and passengers in small boats, which do not come to the beach, but
from which baggage and freight have to be carried on men's backs to
the shore, and passengers, in the arms of sailors, to the beach.

Saville: Antiquities of ManaM, Ecuador

GEOGRAPHY '

The proyince of Manabi, on the Ecuadorian coast, is crossed by the
eqiiator near its northern frontier. It is bounded on the north by the
province of Esmeraldas, on the east by the provinces of Pichincha and
Guayas, on the south by Guayas, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
It has an area of 20,442 square kilometres, and a population of less than
a himdred thousand. Its territory is moderately mountainous, without any
high peaks, l^ear the coast the greater part is covered with a light forest
growth, and other portions by meadows. There are but few streams which
cross Manabi; the principal rivers being the Porto Yiejo, Ohone, Jama,
and Ouaque. In the interior mountains are the headwaters of the Daule
and Quininde Rivers, which flow into the Pacific near Guayaquil. This
province has the interesting feature of having an arid strip between the
humid region, which extends along the Pacific coast of South America
from Panama to the northern parts of Manabi, and its southern frontier,
which is in a short humid belt extending nearly to Guayaquil. The land
appears from the sea to be gray and desert-like, and glimpses are had of
the low ranges of moimtains, running approximately north and south,
which begin about twenty miles from the coast. Earther inland the moun-
tains rise to a greater height: they are really the coast foothills of the
great Andean range. While the greater part of the province is arid, yet
the hills, like the Oerro de Hojas, which rise to the height of a thousand
feet and upwards, are peculiar in having a dense tropical fauna and flora :
this is due to the fact that they catch the moisture from the clouds, and
their summits are covered nightly by dense fogs. The climate of the
province is very agreeable. On the coast the prevailing winds are from
the west, and at night the temperature seldom rises above 70 °E. There is
but little humidity, and it is extraordinary to find directly on the equator,
at sea-level, a region so entirely unlike what would naturally be expected.

The principal products are cacao, coffee, sugar-cane, tobacco, india-
rubber, cotton, fine-grained and hard woods, various textile plants, and a
great variety of vegetables. The chief product, however, is the tagua, or
ivory-nut, which is the best and closest grained found anywhere in the
world. These nuts are from the corozo-tree, PJiyteleplias. It resembles

6 Contributions to South American Archeology

the palm, with large, wide leaves spreading out from the top. The nuts
come from the flowers, and grow on the tree just where the palm-like
leaves spread from the trunk. They drop to the ground, and then are
gathered by the natives for commerce. Hundreds of thousands of sacks
are exported from Manabi yearly, and this vegetable ivory is used for
making buttons. The greater part of this product is sent to Grermany.

The principal industries are agriculture, fishing, and the manufacture
of saddle-bags, hammocks, mats, etc. Manabi is famous for the manufac-
ture of Panama hats, those from Monte Oristi being the finest in the world:
the most skilful workers often receive seventy-five dollars, gold, for their
best hats. The grass from which these hats are made is called Toquilla,
and the fibre is tougher than that from any other part of South America,
This is, perhaps, due to the arid soil, as we find the same conditions in
Yucatan, where the finest hemp from the agave-plant is obtained in the
rather arid part of the peninsula. Salt and lime are found in the province;
and there are, undoubtedly, valuable minerals, and possibly emeralds, no
mines of which have been developed. In fact, the geography and geology
of Manabi are but imperfectly known, less so, perhaps, than they are in
any other coast province of South America, and the rich deposits of the
region have not been worked.

The capital is Porto Yiejo, a city about twenty miles from the coast.
It has five thousand inhabitants, two churches, a college for boys and a
college for girls, a school of art, and various government buildings.

Manta, on account of its position as a seaport, is the most important
town in the province, and has the first lighthouse on the South American
coast south of Panama. It is a port of entry, and has a custom-house,
a number of large business-houses, and a church, where services are held
once a year. Pearl-fishing was formerly an important industry here, but
it has been wholly abandoned. The water swarms with splendid food-fish,
and there are many lobsters ; but the latter are seldom caught, the people
apparently preferring the tinned article, which is sold in many shops. The
name of Manta is supposed to have been given on account of the great
number of mantas which abound in the sea off the coast. They belong to the
ray or skate family, and are often of large size. The fish which are caught
are rarely sent inland to Monte Oristi and Porto Yiejo. The fishermen live
in a settlement by themselves, of about fifty houses, just east of the town.

Saville: Antiquities of llanabi, Ecuador 7

Monte Oristi is tliree leagues to the south of Manta, at the northern
base of the hill of the same name, which rises about sixteen hundred feet.
It has about two thousand inhabitants, and there is a college for boys and
a church, where services are held only during the festival of San Pablo,
the patron saint of the town. At that time (in the month of June) they
have an interesting festival, quite spectacular in character, which has
certain elements derived from Indian and ]N^egro sources.

The province is divided into seven cantons, as follows: Porto Vie jo,
Monte Oristi, Jipijapa, Rocafuerte, Santa Ana, Sucre, and Ohone. Manabi
has two principal seaports; namely, Manta and Bahia de Caraques, and
two smaller ports, Cayo and Manglar Alto. The largest island off the
coast is La Plata, about nine miles from the mainland and about fifteen
miles southwest of Manta.

At the present time there are no Indians, so far as we know, in
Manabi. Spanish is now universally spoken, and the people are a mixture
of white, negro, and Indian ; the greater number being known as Oholos
and Sambos. There are but few pure white-blood people in the whole
region.

linearly all of the houses are raised on poles, as will be seen in Plates
I, II, and III. They are made of bamboo, with thatched roofs. In the
larger towns a few are plastered, and have corrugated iron roofs. The
better class of houses are enclosed on the ground-floor, the lower story
being used for storehouses and shops, with the living-rooms in the second
story. There is but little wealth to be found in the whole province, the
people generally being miserably poor, but contented; and they are found,
as a rule, to be trustworthy, generous, and kind-hearted. There are but
few carriage-roads, and transportation is generally on horseback, while
many of the natives are porters. The llama is not known in the province.
There is telegraph connection with the outer world in all of the larger
towns. Connection with the interior of Ecuador is entirely by steamer
from the seaports to Guayaquil. In all of the seaports there are German
merchants, their establishments being principally for the exportation of
the ivory-nut, Panama hats, and hides.

8 Contributions to South American Archeology

HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF THE SPANISH
CONQUEST AND OF THE NATIVES

The history of the provinces of Manabi and Esmeraldas has never
been written ; yet, from a historical standpoint, it is one of the most impor-
tant regions in South America. Here the Spaniards first received definite
information of the so-called Peruvian Empire.

Prom the works of Oieza de Leon, Zarate,^ Garcilasso de la Yega,
Xerez,^ Montesinos,* Benzoni, and the "2^* parte de la descripcion de Gruaya-
quil en que se trata de la ciudad de Puerto Yiejo y su distrito,"^ we learn
much concerning the precolumbian inhabitants of the region and their
customs, which bears directly upon the archeology of the province. The
narratives of Oieza de Leon,^ Grarcilasso de la Yega,^ and Benzoni,^ are
given in full in the Appendix to this monograph. They are the most valu-
able contemporary accounts which we have of the history and traditions of
the natives.

Regarding the earliest settlement of the Ecuadorian coast we know
nothing. The first certain knowledge we have about the natives of this
part of the country relates to the Oaras. On this point. Wolf writes as fol-
lows : " Among the natives of the maritime coast we may distinguish one
from all the rest by many signs, the Oara nation. If the others are con-
sidered as natives from time immemorial, the Oara nation were strangers,
coming by sea in an epoch not very far distant, perhaps during the sixth
or seventh centuries of our era. They were a bellicose and conquering
people, and in all of their culture very superior to the barbarous tribes
over whose lands they extended little by little. The first theatre of action
of the Oaras after their arrival was Manabi from the Bay of Oaraques to
Manta, and it is said that here they founded a city. The history of their
exploits, migrations, and conquests on the coast, remains involved in the
most complete obscurity, and we only know that little by little they com-
pletely abandoned the coast of Manabi, extending towards the north by
Atacames and Esmeraldas, and penetrating by rivers to the territory of
Quito. As a most plausible motive for these constant migrations, Yelasco
and other historians present the circumstances of their first territory being
unhealthy, but we are not able to agree in this, because they migrated

SavilJe: AntiquiHes of 3Ianahi, Ecuador' 9

from coasts very healthy, to humid and unhealthy forests ; before all, it
seems that we should hunt for the motive in the character of the race,
which is presented as nomadic, unstable, adventurous, and conquering.
!N^either do wc know if all the nation took part in these migrations, or only
a part, the rest remaining in Manabi in their first settlements. Yelasco ,
affirms that the other surrounding tribes occupied later the abandoned ter-
ritory, and they were also called, improperly, Oaras ; but the most sure
signs may be searched for in the geographic names which remain."^

This desert-like country was at the beginning of the Christian era,
according to Yelasco, invaded by giants. This date is of no historical
value, and is apparently a mere conjecture on the part of Yelasco.
Bandelier quotes from the unpublished work of Gutierrez, who places this
invasion during the fifteenth century.^*^ This is improbable from the very ^ T~

nature of the tradition itself, and is not borne out by the statements of the
most reliable authorities. Tradition states that these giants landed on the
coast at the point of Santa Elena, coming in large boats or balsas." It is
related that their coming was during the time when the Caras were in this
region. The tradition of the landing of the giants was universal among
the Indians at the time of the conquest, and is mentioned by all writers.
Zarate says that but little credit was given to these reports, until the year
1543, when the Grovernor of Porto Yiejo, Captain Juan de Olmos, caused
excavations to be made, and great ribs and other bones were found, which
convinced them of the truth of these stories.^^ Concerning this early
settlement of the coast by giants, Bandelier, in his recently published
paper, " Traditions of Precolumbian Earthquakes and Yolcanic Eruptions
in Western South America," has brought together many notices about this
landing.^^ Zarate's statement — that the Spaniards saw in Porto Yiejo
massive sculptured figures of these giants, one of a man, the other of a
woman — is referred to by Bandelier, who conjectures that there is a possi-
bility that the " stone seats or benches, of which there are several in various
museums, representing usually a human figure on all-fours bearing on the
back a seat of some form, are perhaps related to the 'bulto destos gigantes'
alluded to by Zarate. These seats come from the same region." In view of
the number of sculptures brought together in this collection, it does not seem
necessary to connect the stone idols and figures with the seats. At the same
time, it is strange and almost incredible, that, had the Spaniards visited the

10 Contributions to South American Archeology

various hills Avhere the seats are found, they should not have mentioned them,
as they are so different from any other sculptures in South America. They
did mention figures of men and women, hence it is probable that they saw
sculptures of the type in the collection herein described. It has long been
known that the Indians, finding large bones, supposed them to be those of
giants. The existence of mastodon-bones in this region, and their bearing
on this tradition, have been shown by Bollaert, Cevallos, Suarez, and Wolf
in their studies, and we found many opportunities to obtain portions of
mastodon-skeletons during the summer of 1906.

It is probable that these stories about the giants refer to the landing
of some barbarous and warlike people Avho came at a remote time in the
past. ^rArcheological remains shoAV that there formerly lived in this region
a sedentary people who were well advanced in culture. These remains
are treated in the archeological section of this monograph. Whether they
are to be attributed to the Oaras, or to those who remained in the country
after being under their influence, it is impossible to aflirm.>

Juan and Ulloa, and others, state that during the reign of Tupac
Inca Tupanqui, who was the ruler of the Quichuas from 1439 to 1475,
there arrived messengers from the province of Porto Viejo and adjacent
provinces, supplicating that they be received as vassals, and that he send
governors and persons who would give instruction and cultivation to the
^rvrwvsV country which they inhabited. The Inca sent masters to civilize these

people in order to give them the same standing that the other states had :
as soon as these messengers arrived, it is said that the natives armed them-
selves against them, and killed them."

Prom the account of Cieza de Leon in the second part of the Chron-
icle of Peru, we learn that the son of Tupac Inca Yupanqui, Huayna
Capac, who reigned from 1475 to 1525,^^ before he accomplished the
subjugation of Quito, " sent captains with a sufficient force to explore
the seacoast in a northerly direction and to bring under the Inca's domin-
ion the natives of Guayaquil and Porto Yiejo. The captains marched into
this district, where they waged war and fought some battles, sometimes
being victorious and at others sustaining reverses; thus they advanced as
far as Oollique, where they met with people who went about naked, and fed
on human flesh, having the customs which are now practised and used by
the dwellers on the river of San Juan: from this point they returned, not

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador ii

wishing to penetrate farther, but to report what they had done to the
king." Oieza de Leon states that Huayna Capac, after he had completed
the conquest of Quito, heard from his principal chiefs who had served in
that war, and, " feeling that all was peacefully settled in the mountainous
provinces, he thought it would be well to take a journey to the province of
Porto Yiejo, to that which we call Gruayaquil, and to the Yalleys of the
Yuncas; the captains and the principal men of his council approved the
thought, and advised that it should be put into execution. Many troops
remained in Quito; the Inca set forth, with a considerable force, and
entered these lands, where he had some skirmishes with the natives, but
eventually one after another siibmitted, and governments, with mitimaes
[colonists], were established."^^

Yelasco states, regarding the subjugation of Manabi by HuajTia
Capac, that " among the numerous factions in the province of Manta was
one of the Pichunsis, who were absolutely dissolute, having inherited their
vices from the giants. It appears that Huayna Capac subjugated this
territory as far as Cuaques along the coast and a great number of the
'nations' of the interior of the land. He arrived personally as far as
Colima [Cojime ?], where he commanded that a fortress should be made,
and left some people to carry out his orders and to instruct the Indians." "
It is thus evident that the Peruvians came very late into this region, and
consequently exercised but little influence on the culture of the people of ' ^uylju-v^*^-'''^
the coast. It is safe to assume that the material in the collection now to y ^/ 3 f ^'^

be described pertained to a people almost untouched by Inca ideas. As
Suarez remarks, " The Incas touched the province of Manabi, but their
dominion over the people was short, and without any considerable in-
fluence."^^ Whether the comparatively high culture which is evidenced
by the sculptures is indigenous to this region, or whether the people came
with their civilization already well advanced, are questions difficult to
answer. The unique features seen in the sculptures seem to point to a
development of the culture on the soil. With one or two exceptions,
which will be pointed out later, the characteristic sculptures are not found
elsewhere, nor are there any others in ancient America at all approach-
ing them in concept.

Spanish influence dates from the year 1526, when Francisco Pizarro,
on his second expedition from Panama, sent the pilot, Bartolome Ruiz,

12 Contributions to South American Archeology

southward from the Rio de San Juan to explore the unknown coast. He
reached what is now the province of Esmeraldas, and discovered three
large towns at the mouth of the Rio Esmeraldas, where he was received
in a friendly manner. He saw Indians wearing jewels of gold; and three
who came to receive him wore gold diadems on their heads. Ruiz
remained here two days, then sailed southward, following the coast by the
province of Manabi; he crossed the equator, and rounded Cape Pasado
just above Bahia de Oaraques. He then returned northward, and joined
Pizarro. In 1527 Pizarro, on his third expedition, skirted the coast of
Manabi en route to Tumbez in northern Peru. He apparently did not
make any landing in Manabi on this voyage. In 1531 Pizarro was again
on the coast of Manabi. He cast anchor in the Bay of San Mateo, where
he disembarked his forces, and started on a march down the coast to
Tumbez.^^ Herrera tells us that the Spaniards were well received in the
province, and that, while they were there, Atahualpa, who had taken the
crown in Tomebamba, Avas advised of the progress of the expedition.^
When they arrived in the vicinity of Manta, the soldiers and sailors,
fatigued by the long journey, wished to remain there and establish a
colony ; but Pizarro would not consent to this, and resumed his march to
Tumbez. In 1534 Pedro de Alvarado, who had been with Oortez in
Mexico and was the conqueror of Guatemala, landed at Bahia de Oaraques
in order to march to Quito. He remained there a number of months:
Sancho says three,^^ while others state that he was in Manabi five months
before beginning the march into the interior. He had with him a large ex-
pedition, composed of soldiers, women, negroes, slaves, and many Indians,
some brought from Guatemala, and others taken from the Manabi towns.

In 1535 Diego de Almagro sent Prancisco Pacheco from San
Miguel Piura in Peru to Manabi, in order to establish a town. Cieza de
Leon states that he started from a village called Piquasa (Picoaza), and
founded the city of Porto Vie jo in the locality which appeared to him
most suitable, on the 12th of March, the Day of St. Gregory. It was not
far from the sea, and in one of the best parts of the province.*^^ In all the
early accounts concerning the discovery and colonization of Manabi, the
name of Manabi does not appear, but it is usually called the province of
Porto Yiejo. Other titles were Gobierno de Oara, Tenencia de Porto
Yiejo, Gobierno de Guayaquil, and Provincia de Manta. In "A General

SaviUe: Antiquities of ManaM, Ecuador 13

Relation of the Spanish Populations of Peru," made for Salazar de
Villasante by an anonymous author (written, probably, during the years
1573 and 1574), is some interesting information regarding the city of Porto
Vie jo at that time. Prom this report it seems that an unsuccessful
attempt was made by Santillan in 1565 to remove the city, and consolidate
it with Manta.^ About 1628 both Manta and Porto Yiejo were sacked
and destroyed by English pirates. The town of Porto Yiejo was removed
from its former site, which is now not definitely known, to its present
location. Monte Oristi was settled at this time by inhabitants of Manta,
who retired to the foot of the hill of Monte Oristi, and established the
present town.'^ At the time of the conquest of the province, and for
many years later, there were a number of Indian towns which have now
disappeared. At the present time the province cannot be said to be very
thickly settled. In a report written in 1591 is a list of towns with the i
number of Indians who paid tribute each year to the Spanish crown: they
nearly all bear Indian names, and but few exist at the present time. The
names on this list, of towns still inhabited, are Picoacan (Picoaza),
Xipexapa (Jipijapa), Tocaguas (Tosagua), Toal (Toalla), Manta, Monte
Ohristo (Monte Oristi), and Oharapoto.^

A few names of precolumbian tribes in Manabi have been handed
down to us. Yelasco writes, that the giants ate a part of the natives who
had previously been inhabitants of that country, and caused the rest to
retire. After the disappearance of the giants, those Avho had retired came
back. They were divided into nine tribes, composed of the residuum of
various nations. They united into a single tribe, although preserving their
proper names, which were Apichiquies, Oancebis, Oharapotes, Pichotes, \
Pichoasaes, Pichunsis, Manabies, Jarahusas, Jipijapas, and Mantas.^
UUoa gives us other names, taken from Garcilasso de la Vega, in the
following statement : " Among the nations living on this coast region
may be distinguished those with the names of Apichiqui, Pichunsi, Sava,
Pecllansimiqui, and Pampahuaci, and there were others, more savage
than any who had been up to that time conquered by the Incas, Avho were
named Saramissu and Pampahuaci ; so savage were these last two named
peoples, that the Inca did not deem them worthy of conquest." ^^

It is difficult to gain an adequate idea of the appearance of Manabi
towns, and the customs of the natives, in precolumbian times. In the

14 Contributions to South American Archeology

extracts from the early Spanish writers given in the notes of this report,
we have brought together all of importance which has been printed up to
the present time. There may be unedited manuscripts in the libraries and
archives of Spain which may throw more light on the condition of this
region before the fifteenth century. The accounts of Manabi generally
are interwoven with that which relates to the province of Esmeraldas,
where the archeological material indicates a different culture in many
respects. The material obtained by Dorsey from the Island of La Plata,
immediately off the coast of Manabi, resembles but little the objects from
the adjacent coast.

Some observations concerning the natives may be cited here. It
is said that they worshipped the sea, fishes, tigers, lions, snakes, and a
great emerald. Their temples or places of worship, where they had their
idols, were called Guacas. The entrances faced the east, the doors being
covered with white cotton cloth. Yelasco has an interesting notice about
the temples : " The province of Manta had two temples, which
remained from the earliest times down to the coming of the Spaniards.
One was on the continent and the other on the island, called to-day La
Plata. The one on the continent was the most famous and celebrated of
all, and but little less rich than that of Pachacamac in Peru, and as much
frequented by pilgrims from all parts. It was dedicated to the god of
health, called Umina, for its idol was made, with the figure half human,
of a great stone of very fine emerald, whose value must have exceeded that
of the combined treasures of many temples. To this celebrated temple the
sick from all parts were accustomed to journey, coming in person or in the
arms of persons. Directly the high priest received the offerings of gold,
silver, and precious stones which they had brought, the pilgrims prostrated
themselves on the earth, and the priest then, taking the idol in a very white
and clean cloth, with great reverence applied it to the head or to the
infirm part of the sufferer. It is said that many were healed. On the
island the idol was dedicated to the Sun, and was also known as well, and
no less celebrated and rich. The inhabitants of the coast went there by
boats, and celebrated the winter solstice with a great festival of many days'
duration. The sacrifices were of gold, silver, precious stones, very fine
woven cloths, skins, and a certain number of children, which abuse the
Incas entirely wiped out." _

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 15

They sacrificed liuman victims, selecting tliem from the children and
women, as well as from prisoners of war. The war captives who were killed
for these sacrifices were flayed, and the skins were filled Avith ashes and hung
in the doors of the temples and in their feasting and dancing places. The
priests looked for favorahle or unfavorable signs in the entrails of animals.
The idols, of various shapes, were made of clay, stone, gold, or silver, and
at Manta Avas also the great emerald, about which we shall speak later.

In the description of Porto Yiejo,^ reference is made to a present
given to a Spaniard. This Avas a great piece of gold in the form of a board,
which appeared to have been cut from a larger piece. The Indian who
presented this gold object was said to have had in his possession a gold
plate upon Avhich rested another i)iece like a platform, forming a kind of
throne, upon which to sit during certain sacrifices and ceremonies which
they had throughout the year.

Regarding the morality of the natives, Oieza de Leon says that it was
notorious among all the inhabitants of the kingdom of Peru, that, in some
of the villages of the district of Pueblo Yiejo, sodomy was practised. This
assertion regarding the low moral standard of the inhabitants of this part
of South America is as explicit as the frequent statements concerning the
common practice of cannibalism by the inhabitants of the Oauca Yalley.
The burial-customs of the natives of this part of Ecuador are mentioned by
Cieza de Leon, who writes that " they made deep holes in the ground, Avhich
looked more like wells than tombs, and they buried the most beautiful
and beloved of his women with him, besides jcAvels, food, and jars of wine
made from maize. They then placed over the hole those thick canes which
grow in the country. As these canes are holloAV, they take care to fill
them with that drink made of maize of roots, which they call aca, because
they believe that the dead men drink of the liquors they put into the
canes." They deformed the heads of their children, and were accustomed
to paint their faces and bodies in various colors. They were fond of orna-
ments of gold, silver, and emeralds.

The Indians of this land did not have a common language ; but nearly
every town spoke a different dialect, which is said to have caused discord and
wars among them. They kncAv the days of the week, and distinguished them
with particular names. Sunday, being the most solemn, was called Tepipi-
chinchi. Their sons were given the name of the day on Avhich they were born.

**.

16 Contributions to South American Archeology

ARCHEOLOGY

We have but little information concerning the antiquities of Manabi.
Wiener and Gonzalez Suarez have visited the province, but they have
not added much to our knowledge of this region. Gonzalez Suarez has
illustrated and described a few specimens from there, and Wiener has
written briefly about one of the stone seats for which that part of South
America is noted. The only archeological work was done in 1892,
when Dr. George A. Dorsey spent sixteen days on the Island of La
Plata, The result of his investigations has been published by the Field
Columbian Museum.^ The material which he found was generally of an
entirely different character from the specimens found by us on the main-
land during the summer of 1906. We were especially interested in the stone
seats, and nearly all of the time spent in Manabi was devoted to researches
bearing on that problem. In the results of this first trip, which are set
forth in this preliminary report, we have not been able to settle definitely
the question of racial affinities of the makers of those sculptures. It seems
quite probable, however, that the people whose remains are found on the
hills had little in common with the Quichuas of Peru, or with the other
centres of culture in the Andes. We are inclined to believe that they came
along the coast from the north, possibly from southern Central America.
Gonzalez Suarez believes that they were related to the Mayans of Yucatan
and Central America, and in the Appendix will be found translated his
arguments for this belief.^° We were able to bring together a considerable
amount of new material bearing on this ancient centre of culture.

WELLS. One of the first things which attracted the Spanish dis-
coverers of Manabi was the deep wells found in great numbers in different
parts of this arid region. Cieza de Leon states that the building of these
wells was attributed by the natives to the giants. He writes particularly
concerning the Avells near Santa Elena, as the giants were supposed to have
landed at this point. He says, "As they found no water, in order to
remedy the want they made some very deep wells, works which are truly
worthy of remembrance ; for such is their magnitude that they certainly
must have been executed by very strong men. They dug these wells in the

SavilJe: Antiquities of Manahiy Ecuador 17

living rock until they met with water, and then they lined them with
masoniy from top to bottom in such sort that they would endure for many
ages. The water in these wells is very good and wholesome, and always so
cold that it is very pleasant to drink."

Zarate probably refers to the existence of wells as follows : " The land
is very dry, although it rains a little. It has but little sweet, running water,
and every one drinks from wells or from dammed waters (aguas rebalsadas),
which they call jagueyes." This statement is not very clear; but the words
translated as "dammed waters," or "pool of dammed waters," evidently
refer to artificial cisterns or wells.

In the "Descripcion de la Gobernacion de Guayaquil " (p. 273) there is
a notice of the wells of this region, which is as follows : " They drink water
out of wells, one of which they call ' Of the Giants,' which, according to
sayings of the ancient Indians, lived in that country, not as original
inhabitants, but came from other parts."

Yillavicencio writes that there is a " hill called La Bolsa, two leagues
distant from Monte Oristi to the southwest; here are some wells with
covered stone, and artificial; that which is worthy of note in these wells is
the depth and how they were constructed, as they appear not to have been
for the object of taking water from them, as there is no water there at
present. On the slope of this hill there is a spring of water which is con-
tinually bubbling." ^* It is singular that Yillavicencio should have made
this statement, as there are numerous ancient wells filled with water at the
present time.

Gonzalez Suarez has called attention to a number of wells in different
parts of Manabi. From his " Historia del Ecuador " we quote as follows :
" The most notable of these artesian wells, mistakenly attributed to giants,
are in the actual province of Manabi, about a league to the southeast of
the town of Jipijapa, in a point called Ohoconcha. In this place are
eight, some of which are now filled up, but it would be a very easy matter
to clean them. A little above there is another, in a place called Gandil.
Above Monte Cristi is a verj- large one which is still in good condition,
and from this comes the potable water used not only by the people of
Monte Oristi, but also of Manta. A small well is found between Jipijapa
and Santa Ana, with the name of Ohade. In all the coast of Ecuador,
from Manta to Puna, there is a great scarcity of water, and for this reason

18 Contributions to Soutli American Archeology

the ancient native tribes made these deep wells in order that they should
not want for water. Without doubt they were guided by the verdure
which the small herbs of the country preserved in the summer months,
when all the rest of the vegetation was parched, in order to discover the
concealed springs in the depths of the earth."^^

Most of the water used in Manta at the present time comes from wells
in the little settlement of Colorado, and these wells also supply part of the
water used in Monte Oristi. Not far from Monte Oristi, however, are
ancient wells at a town called Toalla, which is probably the place referred
to by Suarez.

In the ruins back of the town of Manta, which extend, a short distance
from the beach, several miles into the country to the south, there is a cir-
ciilar well cut through the solid rock, which was discovered a few j^ears ago.
It was covered by a stone, and filled with earth and small stones. The
owner of the land commenced cleaning it out, but discontinued the work
before reaching the bottom, on account of the expense and the difficulty of
removing the rubbish, but more especially because he found no water. At
present it is 42 feet (12.8 m.) deep, but several feet of earth have washed
in during the rainy seasons. The well is cut in a sort of spiral fashion
through the solid rock. The top is 3 feet (91.4 cm.) from the present sur-
face of the ground. It is only 2 feet 3 inches (68.6 cm.) in diameter at
the top, and gradually diminishes in diameter towards the bottom. At the
bottom it is almost impossible for a person to move about in order to clean
out the earth. This is the only well known at present in the vicinity of
Manta, but there are indications of the existence of others in the ruins. We
saw another well, discovered a few months ago, in the Cerro de Hojas, which
the owner of the land was engaged in clearing out during the month of
June. He had already reached a depth of perhaps 25 feet (7.6 m.), and
there was water in the bottom at that time. This well is much larger than
the one seen at Manta, it being about 8 feet (2.4 m.) in diameter,
and it is not cut through the solid rock. The sides are walled up with
rough stones in the same manner as are those which have been referred to
by Suarez. There is another ancient, very deep well, near the base of
Oerro de Hojas, which is walled up in the same manner as the well on the
hill. In this well there is an abundance of water, and it is used by the
people living in the neighboring ranchos.

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 19

E,UI!N^S. Throughout the province of Manabi there still exist many
remains of ancient houses of the precolumbian inhabitants of this region.
Cieza de Leon mentions the sites of houses near Santa Elena which are
connected with the m}i;h of the giants and believed by the natives to be
the ruins of their first settlements.

Xear the present town of Manta are the ruins of a large pre-
Columbian settlement. In the second part of the "Descripcion de la
Gobernacion de Guayaquil" (pp. 302 and 303) is an interesting account
of Manta, Avhich states that the Indian settlement was called Jocay, and
that the natives had no knowledge of when it was founded. This account
further states, that at a distance of from one to two leagues from Jocay
were three other towns, called Jaramijo, Oamilloa, and Cama. The
Spaniards forced the Indians to abandon these towns, and settle in Manta.
The same language was spoken in all the towns. It appears that, at the
time of discovery, Jocay was governed by a cacique, who was called Lligua
Tohali, It was a town of considerable size; but by the cruelty of the
Spaniards, who tortured the Indians in order to secure gold and emeralds,
the population rapidly diminished.

The ruins of Jocay are to be seen south of the present town of Manta, J ^

and extend even into the village itself. Probably in former times they ^ \ '^^^

reached to the seashore, but the present modern town has obliterated all
traces of the ancient houses. There are the remains of hundreds of house-
sites and mounds, with here and there innumerable red potsherds scattered
over the ground. These houses are often of one room ; but there are many
with two or more, and even up to seven, rooms in one building. Little
is left of the walls, the bases of which are of rough stones set edgewise
in the ground. The average width of the walls is from 3 feet (91.4 cm.)
to 4 feet (122 cm.), the inner and outer part being made in the same man-
ner, and probably filled with rough stones and earth. The shapes of the
rooms of many of these houses can still be traced ; but for generations the
place has served as a quarry for the inhabitants of Manta, who are constantly
prying out stones from the walls to be used in the town. Some of the
buildings have been of enormous size. One was 190 feet (57.9 m.) in
length, 39 feet (11.9 m.) in width at the southern end, and 37 feet (11.3 m.)
at the northern end, these being inside measurements. The thickness of
the side-walls was 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm.), and that of the southern wall,

20 Contributions to South American Archeology

2 feet 7 inches (78.7 cm.). In this building the inner and onter walls were of
slabs set in the ground, the spaces between being filled in with rougher stones.
The surface of the ground near the northern end of this large building
sloped somewhat toAvards the sea, and a platform or graded way was built
from the level of the building as an approach ; this was 35 feet (10.7 m.)
long. There were no traces of stone steps in this graded way. The
orientation of the building was, in general, from north to south; but the
variation from the true north was much greater than that observed in the
ancient places in Mexico and Central America, Many of these houses are
covered by a scrub gro^vth, so that it is impossible to make accurate
measurements of their dimensions without clearing this away. This has
tended towards the preserA^ation of the walls, as, up to the present time,
the natives have contented themselves with taking the stones from the
ruined structures in the o^Dcn fields. Another house was measured which
was 150 feet (45.7 m.) long, and 41 feet (12.5 m.) wide. The stones, set
edgewise in the ground for the walls, Avere 2 feet (61 cm.) high. This
building also had a sloping or graded way at one end.

Scattered here and there are many mounds, which are probably burial-
places. In one group of rooms, towards the east, are a number of much
disintegrated stone sculptures. One room has walls made of earth,
probably the adobe bricks so commonly used in ancient America. In it is
a group of five sculptures, only one of which is standing in place, close to
the wall. This is a human figure, the head of which is broken off ; it is
4 feet 9i inches (146 cm.) high, and 2 feet 4 inches (71.1 cm.) across. There
are among these sculptures several other human figures, and one single
stone, 6 feet (183 cm.) in length, which has carving on it. These
^ sculptures are so much weathered and worn that they give but little

< c^^J'An.A***-^ evidence at present of any great degree of attainment in the art of carving

by the ancient people. Some of the stone is calcareous, while some thin
slabs are of a gritty sandstone.

In the patio of the business-house knoAvn as the Casa Tagua, in Manta,
are two extremely curious sculptures Avith animal figures, Avhich Avere taken
from the Manta ruins. They are in a better state of preservation than the
sculptures before mentioned. They are about 4 feet (122 cm.) in height,
and represent animals Avith enormously long necks and part of a body. They
may possibly be llamas, but they are so much conventionalized that it is not

tSaville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador

21

certain that this animal is intended to be represented. It was probably the
only animal with a long neck with which these people were acquainted.
On the ground in the vicinity of the ruined buildings, in addition to the red
potsherds before mentioned, may be found hammer stones, broken hand
stones for metates, broken metates, and the remains of pottery vessels of a
brown ware, as well as fragments of clay figures. The natives say that the
site of the ancient temple was where the modern cemetery of the town of
Manta is now located, but at present there is absolutely no evidence of
any such structure. Up to the present time there have been no excava-
tions made in the ruins ; they cover several square miles, and it promises
to be a most important field for future archeological work.

About six or seven miles northeast of Monte Oristi is the famous
Cerro de Hojas, from which place have come the stone seats which from
time to time have found their way into various museums in Europe and
America. Midway between Monte Cristi and Cerro de Hojas is a series of
hills, in some places very precipitous, none of them rising over five hundred
feet (150 m.), which are locally known as Cerro Bravo. In these hills"^are
very many house-sites of the same type as those found in the ruins at Manta ;
they are known to the natives under the name of corrales, the Spanish
word for " enclosure." Notwithstanding the existence of these house-sites
in great numbers, so far as we were able to learn from the hunters, who
are accustomed to traverse these hills in all directions in pursuit of game,
no seats or sculptures have ever been found there.

Between the northern slopes of Cerro Bravo and the northwestern base
of Cerro de Hojas is a small village, not on the map, called La Secita; here
have been found house-sites, and thousands of clay spindle-whorls, and pot-
tery fragments. The people in this little settlement cultivate the soil on the
western slopes of Cerro de Hojas. It may be well to state, that the whole
range of hills placed on the maps under the name of Cerro de Hojas is not
locally so known. At the northern end of the mountain-ridge of Cerro de
Hojas is a very deep ravine, separating it from another line of hills run-
ning to the northwest, known as Cerro Jaboncillo, the general direction of
Cerro de Hojas being north. Tliese hills are slightly higher than Cerro
de Hojas. There are also two ranges of hills some leagues southeast of
Monte Cristi ; namely, Cerro Jupa and Cerro Agua IS^uevo : and in the
vicinity of Jipijapa, which lies well to the south of Monte Cristi, near

^..^^^vs^v^-v-vi-t^..^^

(^^y«_<l„».W»-lrf

U-^J

^ L-c-^^J^-Sa. Uy~t^^*o^

cJ

22 Contributions to South American Archeology

the frontier of the province of Guayas, is a line of hills known as Ma-
nantial. On all these hills, house-sites are found; but, as before stated,
no seats exist in Oerro Bravo, and likewise none have been reported
from Manantial. These remains of houses all pertain to the same culture.
In Oerro de Hojas they are found on the level tops of the hills, and, on
the slopes, level terraces have been made, each of which has a house
containing one or more rooms. On many slopes the terraces are one
below the other, resembling an enormous flight of huge steps. One house
measured in Oerro de Hojas had the following dimensions: length, 37 feet
(11.3 m.); width, 23 feet 6 inches (7.16 m.). The largest house which
was measured was 161 feet (49 m.) long, and 41 feet (12.5 m.) wide ; there
was no evidence of interior walls, it being a single room, with the northern
end open. In these same houses were also found stone columns, figures of
•JA^^vv^: men, and certain curious sculptures, which will be described later.
9 cw-^f ''^■^/^ In the houses on Oerro Jaboncillo numerous very interesting stone

bas-reliefs have been excavated, but none have been found, to our
knowledge, on any other hill. In the upper parts of the hills which over-
look the lower slopes, and where we should expect to find the remains of
temples, there are at present no evidences of any large structures which
would have served for this purpose. It is possible that the few large houses
found in different parts of the hills, the measurements of one of which
have been given, were the temples or council-houses, but this is merely
conjecture. In no case do the walls rise more than 2 feet (61 cm.), and
generally they were made of rough slabs of stone placed edgewise in the
ground, as before described in dealing with the ruins at Manta. One
house was observed with walls of a different construction. The rooms were
not large, but the walls were made of squared stones, three courses of
which remain, and they were laid so as to make a wall slanting at an
angle of about seventy degrees on each side. As this ruined building is
buried in the deep underbrush with which the greater part of the hill is
covered, and no loose squared stones were observed in the vicinity, it
seems probable that the upper part of the walls was made of a perishable
material, very likely adobe or sun-dried bricks ; there is also a possibility
that the walls were of cane or wood. This type of construction is entirely
different from the hundreds of houses which were observed during the
past summer, and may represent a later type of building.

Saville : Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 23

ST0:N^E seats. The most remarkable feature of the archeology
of Manabi is the great number of stone seats or chairs which have been
found on the summits of the hills not far distant from the sea. They are
unique, being found only on the hills in a small area of about twenty miles
in diameter ; and no objects of like character are known in any other part of
either North or South America. They are not mentioned by any of the early
writers or explorers. This would seem to indicate that they were not seen
by Pizarro and his companions when they passed through this province,
and possibly shows that the towns on the hills were in ruins, and covered
by the forest, at that time. The first notice of their existence is given by
Yillavicencio, who, in his "Geography of the Republic of Ecuador,"
published in New York in 1858, states that " two leagues north of Monte
Cristi there are some hills, such as the Oerro de Hojas ; this is a low
mountain with a flat summit; in this plain there is a circle of seats of
stone, no less than thirty in number, each one of which is a sphinx,
above which is the seat with two arms, all of stone, well worked, and of
a single piece, which may be transported. This circle of seats appears
to have lodged a congress of men who came together here for their con-
ferences, which may have been those of the magnates of the Cara nation,
who lived here before they had accomplished the conquest of the kingdom
of Quito. We have taken two of these seats for our museum, and they are
preserved in Guayaquil."

Bollaert quotes this statement from Yillavicencio in his "Antiquarian,
Ethnological, and Other Researches in New Granada, Ecuador, Peru, and
Chili." This statement regarding the placing of the seats in a circle has
found credence among later writers, and we also hear of a stone table in
the centre of this circle. Wiener visited these hills in July, 1882, and
sent a seat to Europe, which is in the Trocadero Museum. He does not give
any information concerning the arrangement of the seats,^ and simply
writes that " there are some other broken chairs, four of which could be
easily repaired, to be found on a stone rock eleven leagues and a half
northeast of the small port of Manta." This is a mistake. The distance to
the base of the hills is a little over five miles in a northeasterly direction.
Gonzalez Suarez visited the region, and in his "Archeology of Ecuador "
states that "these seats are found in the Oerro de Hojas, placed in a semi-
circle, in each one of the platforms on the hill. This composes a group of

24 Contributions to Soiitli American Archeology

broken hills, and on the summit of each one of these were a number of these
seats placed around with symmetry." In another part of his work, Suarez
says that " in each of the summits or truncated surfaces [of the hills] are
a number, more or less considerable, of seats and columns of stone placed
in a circle."

During our visit to Manabi, careful examination was made of the
summit of Oerro de Hojas, and it will be remembered that, in the descrip-
tion of the ruins on the hill, mention is made of the numerous house-sites,
locally known as corrales, which are found in great numbers. It was in
the rooms of these houses that the stone seats were found; and in no case
were they observed occupying any regular order, or placed in any way
which would indicate their having been around stone tables or in a circle.
In fact, no large stone slabs are found in any of the ruins, with the
exception of small bas-reliefs, to be described later. In some rooms, only
one seat was found; in others two; and sometimes three, four, and even
five have been discovered in a single house. So far as the Oerro de Hojas
is concerned, we must conclude that the story of the ceremonial placing of
these seats is a myth ; but as Ave were unable to visit Oerro Jaboncillo and
the two more distant hills, — Oerro Jupa and Oerro Agua !N^uevo, — there is
a possibility that in these hills there may have been some regular arrange-
ment of the seats. Repeated questioning of the natives leads us, however,
to doubt that the conditions under which the seats are found in these hills
are at all different from those in the Oerro de Hojas.

Some of the seats are of argillaceous, shaly sandstone; but the
majoritj^ are of andesite. From the type of sculpture which serves as a
support, they may be divided into two great classes ; namely, those which
have human figures, and those which have animal figures. In general, the
human figures are carved in very nearly the same manner, but there are
greater differences in the carving of the animal forms. In the collection we
have brought together, which is now in New York, the majority of the seats
have the crouching human figure supports. In the animal or puma figures,
we find considerable variation in the way in which the animal has been
carved. In some, the ears are very prominent ; in others less so ; and in
one specimen the ears are not represented at all. Some have a tail, while
in others it is absent. In addition to these two general types into which we
may divide the greater number of seats, we have examples of four other

Saville: Antiquities of 3Ianahi, Ecuador 25

classes ; namely, tlie bird or lizard, the bat, a monkey-like figure, and one
with a circular design enframing a puma-face, apparently intended to repre-
sent a copper disc, of wbich a number haye been found in Manabi and in
other parts of Ecuador. Thus we have, forming the supports of the seats
in this collection, six different motives: first, the crouching human figure;
second, the crouching puma-like figure ; third, the bird or lizard ; fourth,
the bat ; fifth, a monkey-like figure ; and, sixth, the representation of the
copper disc. A seat was seen in Porto Yiejo which was different from any
in the collection. On the front is a small standing human figure with a
loin-cloth, the sides of the support being entirely plain. In Chicago there
is a seat with an entirely plain quadrangular block for the support.

All of the seats from the Cerro de Hojas and Oerro Jaboncillo are
made of andesite, with the possible exception of two specimens. It is inter-
esting to find that the seats from Oerro Agua Nuevo (illustrated on Plates
XX, XXI, and XXYI) are not of andesite, but of sandstone; a seat from
the same hill (see Plate XXY) is of argillaceous, shaly sandstone ; while
another seat (see Plate XV) is of andesite. It is impossible to state at
present the locality of the quarries from which the stone used by the
ancient sculptors was taken, as during our trip there was not sufficient
time to search for them. In regard to the stone used by the ancient
inhabitants of Manabi, a singular point is brought out by a study of the
material used by the ancient builders of Manta. The stone used for the
houses is oolitic limestone, while that used for the sculptures which are
found in various parts of the ruins is a shell limestone similar to the
coquina of Plorida. It is rather remarkable that, in selecting material for
carving sculptures, they chose the coarsest stone to be found in Manabi,
breaking it off from the cliffs and ledges which occur just above sea-
level; and that for the houses they selected a finer one, found also in
the vicinity. It is difficult to conjecture why they selected the coarsest,
roughest, and least desirable material for their sculptures, and used the
finer stone, better adapted for carving, in their houses. At all events, the
stone iised by the builders of Manta was found in the immediate vicinity.
It is probable that the andesite from which the seats were carved in
the Oerro de Hojas and Oerro Jaboncillo, will be found in the immediate
vicinity of the hill, and that the sandstone — which was not used, so far as
our knowledge goes, in either of these two hills, but was confined to the

26 Contributions to South American Archeology

stone seats from Oerro Agua !N^uevo and Oerro Jupa — will be found also
in their vicinity. Some of the seats have geometric designs or patterns
carved on the borders: only three of these came from Oerro de Hojas and
Oerro Jaboncillo, while six are from Oerro Jnpa and Oerro Agua ^N^uevo.
All of these sculptured borders have practically the same design repeated
with slight variation. The patterns on the seats from Oerro de Hojas are
in a better state of preservation, as the andesite has not weathered so
much as the sandstone.

It is doubtful if there are many types or variations of seats other
than those contained in the present collection to be found in this region.
Several hundred were seen ; and all the different types or variations from
the two great classes — the crouching human figures and the puma figures —
were obtained, and are here described and illustrated. There is not a
single human or animal figure in which the proportions of the body are
accurately brought out, as will be noted by examination of the plates.
The arms and legs are generally entirely out of proportion to one another
and to the body of the figure. As a rule, more attention has been paid to
the face than to the rest of the figure. As will be seen by referring
to the plates, there is great variation in the manner in which the seat
itself is carved and the way in which it is placed upon the back of
either the human or animal figure. It will be observed also that the
greater number of the seats have arms of unequal length; and there is
no set rule of placing the seat on the back of the body, some being
placed well forward while others are back from the front of the figure,
some having slanting arms while others have arms almost vertical from
the base. Again, we have broad seats and extremely narrow seats. The
greater number have outward extensions to the arms, and there are several
in which this feature is absent. We will now proceed to a detailed
description of the various examples brought together in the collection,
and of which illustrations are given on Plates TV to XXYII inclusive.
With but few exceptions, the front, side, and back views of the seat are
given. The human figure type of support precedes that of the animal,
as the class is numerically stronger.

Plate lY, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The face is
of a different type from those seen on the other seats. The head-band
is concaved and very high, being quite broad at the top. The lower

Saville: Antiquities of 3Ianahi, Ecuador 27

part of the face is rather pointed. The ears are yery large and have
prominent ear-ornaments, and the nose is battered. Around the neck
is a decorated band. The upper part of the chest is separated from the
front upper surface of the pedestal. The hands, which are closed with
the thumb resting on the forefinger at the top, project at an angle over
the upper edge of the pedestal, which slopes downward at the same
angle. The body is more realistically carved than most of the human
figures in these seats. The toes project downward over the upper part of
the back of the base; and the loin-cloth, which is shown at the back
of the figure, going down between the legs, is also seen going forward
around the abdomen of the figure. The seat rests on a slight support
placed on the back of the human figure, and is massive : both back and
front edges have an upward, inner slant. This is the largest seat in the
collection and the second in size of any of the stone seats that have been
reported from Manabi, the largest being the specimen in the town of
Monte Oristi, belonging to the municipality. The dimensions of the
specimen here described are as follows : Extreme height of seat, left side,
35 inches (88.9 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 25^ inches (64.8 cm.) ; breadth
inside of seat at upper part, — front, 13^ inches (33.7 cm.), back, 13 inches
(33 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 18| inches
(47.6 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 12| inches (32.4 cm.) ; extreme
thickness of seat, 3^ inches (8.9 cm.) ; extreme height of human figure,
14J inches (36.8 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 3^ inches (8.9 cm.) ;
slant of front edge of seat, 60 degrees ; slant of arms of seat, 74 degrees ;
overhang of arms of seat, 2^ inches (5.4 cm.). Erom Oerro Jaboncillo.

Plate Y, iN^os. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The head, which
has a band over the forehead, is raised above the back of the figure ; the
ears are prominent and flattened over the side of the head ; the hands are
closed and rest on the pedestal, with the thumb on the forefinger at the
top. The seat rests upon a high massive block resembling an inverted
truncated pyramid with the four corners well defined ; the feet are placed
upon the back of the base with the toes pointing inward, making right
angles with the upper line of the pedestal. This is one of the highest seats,
and both front and back are nearly vertical. The arms, in proportion to the
height of the seat, are the highest of any of the seats from Manabi. The
dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, left side, 33| inches

28 Contributions to South American Archeology

(84.8 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 25| inches (65.4 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat
at upper part, — front, 13| inches (35.2 cm.), back, 14 inches (35.6 cm.) ;
extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 15| inches (40 cm.) ;
length of upper part of arms, 14J inches (36.8 cm.) ; extreme thickness of
seat, 3^ inches (9.8 cm.) ; extreme height of human figure, 11^ inches
(29.2 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 3J inches (8.9 cm.) ; overhang of
arms of seat, IJ inches (3.8 cm.). Trom Oerro Jaboncillo.

Plate YI, IS^os. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The stone is a
light gray color and somewhat disintegrated. The upper part of the right
arm of the seat is broken. The head of the human figure has a band over
the forehead. The ears are prominent, and small ear-ornaments are shown.
The face has a well-preserved aquiline nose. The hands are closed and
rest on the pedestal, with the thumb upward. The toes project downward
over the upper part of the back of the base. The loin-cloth is shown at the
back of the figure. The front of the seat is slightly curved, and there is a
considerable backward slant to the arms ; the pedestal on both the front
and back is smaller at the base than at the top. This seat is one of the
highest of the collection, and the pedestal is much smaller than in the
other large seats. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat,
right side, 33^ inches (84.5 cm.); extreme breadth, 28J inches (72.4 cm.);
breadth inside of seat at upper part, — front, 14 inches (35.6 cm.), back, 13J
inches (35.2 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 15f
inches (39.7 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 10 inches (25.4 cm.);
extreme thickness of seat, 4 inches (10.2 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 70
degrees; extreme height of human figure, 13^ inches (33.7 cm.); average
height of pedestal, 4^ inches (10.8 cm.); overhang of arms of seat, 2J
inches (6.3 cm). Erom Oerro Jaboncillo.

Plate YII, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The head,
which has a band over the forehead, is but slightly higher than the back
of the figure. The figure itself is very high. The forearm is not repre-
sented. The hands, which are closed and rest on the pedestal, with the
thumb on the forefinger, are placed at the elbow. This shortening of the
lower extremities of the arms is true of the legs, the leg below the knee
being entirely out of proportion to the rest of the figure. The feet are close
to the knees and the toes project downward over the upper part of the back
of the base. The seat rests upon a low support placed on the back of the

Saville: Antiquities of 3Ianahi, Ecuador 29

figure ; the arms are of unequal lieiglit, the right arm being higher than
the left ; both front and back edges of the seat are nearly vertical, with a
slight rounding of each edge around the line of the seat. The dimensions
are as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 26^ inches (66.7 cm.) ;
extreme breadth, 19| inches (50.5 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at upper
part, — front, 12| inches (32.4 cm.), back, 11^ inches (29.2 cm.); extreme
length of seat from front to back, inside, 12 inches (30.5 cm.) ; length of
upper part of arms, 10 inches (25.4 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 3^
inches (8.3 cm.) ; extreme height of human figure, 9^ inches (24.1 cm.) ;
average height of pedestal, 3^ inches (8.9 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat,
I of an inch (1.6 cm.). From Oerro Jaboncillo.

Plate YIII, iNTos. 1 and 2, crouching human figure. The head, which
has a band over the forehead, is raised above the body. The ears are
prominent and flattened over the side of the face, and the nose is battered.
The seat rests on a block over the back of the figure, the upper part of
which is on a level with the top of the head. The hands are closed and
are placed on the pedestal. The toes project downward over the upper part
of the back of the base. Although not the highest, this seat is the broadest
and most massive, of all the sculptures of this class from Manabi. The
dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, left side, 28| inches
(72.4 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 34^ inches (87.6 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat
at upper part, — front, 16^ inches (41.3 cm.), back, 14| inches (37.5 cm.);
length of upper part of arms, 12^ inches (31.8 cm.) ; extreme length of seat
from front to back, inside, 14f inches (36.5 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat,
4^ inches (10.5 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 80 degrees ; extreme height
of pedestal, 3f inches (8.6 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, ^ of an inch
(1.1 cm.). Erom Oerro Jaboncillo.

Plate IX, ]^os. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The head, which
has a band over the forehead, is slightly higher than the back of the figure.
The face is broad, the nose battered, and the mouth small. The eyes are
represented. The ears and ear-ornaments are treated in a manner some-
what similar to those of Is^os. 3, 4, and 5 (the human figures) of Plate
XXIX. The body itself is high and the extremities are out of proportion
to the rest of the figure. Neither the hands nor the feet are well repre-
sented. The left arm of the seat is missing ; the front edge is much curved,
with a backward slant to the arms ; the rear edge of the seat is almost ver-

30 Contributions to Soutli American Archeology

tical; and the bottom of the pedestal is hollowed out,— a feature not found
in any other seat. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat,
right side, 22| inches (56.8 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to
back, inside, 13| inches (34.3 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 10 inches
(25.4 cm.); extreme thickness of seat, 2f inches (6.7 cm.); overhang of arms
of seat, 1^ inches (4.8 cm.). Erom Oerro de Hojas.

Plate IX, [N^os. 4, 5, and 6, crouching human figure. The stone is
much disintegrated. The head, which has a band over the forehead, is
slightly higher than the back of the figure. The neck is round, with a
prominent swelling, and the body hardly appears. The hands are closed
and rest on the pedestal, with the thumb on the forefinger at the top. The
toes project downward over the upper part of the back of the base. The
height of the arms of the seat is unequal, the right side being higher than
the left. The seat has a backward slant in front and back (the right arm,
70 degrees ; the left arm, 80 degrees) ; and the right side is placed farther
back from the front of the pedestal than the left side. The dimensions
are as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 23^ inches (59.1 cm.) ;
extreme breadth, 27| inches (70.5 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at upper
part, — front, 15^ inches (39.4 cm.), back, 14f inches (37.5 cm.); extreme
length of seat from front to back, — inside, 12 inches (30.5 cm.), at upper
part of arms, 9 inches (22.9 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 3^ inches (8.3
cm.) ; right arm back from pedestal, 1^ inches (4 cm.) ; left arm back
from pedestal, ^ of an inch (2.2 cm.) ; height of human figure above
pedestal to seat, 11^ inches (28.6 cm.); average height of pedestal, 2| inches
(7 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 2 inches (5.1 cm.). Erom Oerro de Hojas.

Plate X, ;Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The stone is
much disintegrated. The head, which has a band over the forehead, is
higher than the back of the figure. The nose is battered and the lower
part of the face is quite pointed. The forearms are shortened. The left
hand is closed and is placed on the pedestal, with the thumb on the fore-
finger at the top. The right hand is broken off. The feet are close to the
knees, and the toes project downward and toward each other, making
a right angle with the base. A double loin-cloth is shown at the back.
The seat rests on a support placed on the back of the figure ; the arms
are of unequal height, the left arm being lower than the right ; the front
and back borders have a decided slant inward ; the front and back edges

SavilJe: Antiquities of Man a bi, Ecuador 31

are curved, so that the tops of the arms are much shorter in length than
the central part of the seat directly over the figure ; the length of the
base from the front to the back is the same as the top of the arms. The
dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 24f inclies
(62.5 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 24f inches (61.9 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat
at upper part, front, 14^ inches (36.8 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from
front to back, inside, 12| inches (32.1 cm.) ; length of upper part of arm,
right side, 8f inches (21.3 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 2f inches
(6.7 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 80 degrees ; slant of back, 74 degrees ;
extreme height of human figure, llf inches (29.5 cm.) ; average height of
pedestal, 4 inches (10.2 cm.); overhang of arms of seat, 1^ inches (4.8 cm.).
Erom Oerro de Hojas.

Plate X, ^os. 4, 5, and 6, crouching human figure. The head, which
has a band over the forehead, is slightly higher than the back of the
figure. The nose is battered, but the features of the face are quite well
carved. The ears are set well back near the shoulders. The hands are
closed and are placed upon the pedestal, with the thumb on the forefinger
at the top. The body is not well carved. The pedestal is broken. The
seat rests on a very low support placed on the back of the figure. The
dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 18^ inches
(47 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 20 inches (50.8 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat
at upper part, 13^ inches (33.7 cm.); extreme length of seat from front
to back, inside, 9 inches (22.9 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 6^
inches (15.9 cm.); extreme thickness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.); extreme
height of human figure, 8 inches (20.3 cm.) ; average height of pedestal,
2^ inches (5.4 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 1^ inches (3.2 cm.). Erom
Oerro de Hojas.

Plate XI, ifos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The head, which
has a band over the forehead, is well carved and is slightly higher than
the back of the figure. The nose is aquiline and perfectly preserved.
The lower part of the face is pointed. The hands are closed and placed
on the pedestal, with the thumb on the forefinger at the top. The shoulders
are prominent. The toes project downward over the upper part of the
back of the base. The seat is massive, and the front part, with the arms,
has a backward slant ; the back part of the left arm is broken; the front
border is decorated with a grecque design. A unique feature of this seat

32 Contributions to South American Archeology

will be noted in illustration No. 2, wliicli is of the right side. The front
and back borders are separated from the side of the seat by a deep groove,
giving the appearance of flanges. On the other side of the seat the flange
is present on the front border, but is not nearly as prominent. The di-
mensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, left side, 24f inches
(62.5 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 23§ inches (60.6 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat
at upper part, front, 13^ inches (34.3 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from
front to back, inside, 16| inches (41.9 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms,
16 inches (40.6 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 3^ inches (8.3 cm.) ; slant
of front seat, 79 degrees ; extreme height of human figure, 10^ inches
(26.7 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; overhang of
arms of seat, 1^ inches (3.2 cm.). From Oerro Jaboncillo.

Plate XI, l^os. 4, 5, and 6, crouching human figure. The head, which
has a very high band over the forehead, is higher than the back of the
figure. The well carved ears are placed down towards the lower part of
the face. The upper lip, nose, and forehead are battered. Over the lips
are seen lines which appear like a mustache. The hands are well carved
and placed on the pedestal, with the thumb on the forefinger at the top.
The feet are badly carved, and do not project downward over the pedestal.
A broad loin-cloth is shown at the back. The seat rests on a support
placed on the back of the figure, and both front and back borders have a
decided slant backward, although the bottom of the seat is nearly level ;
the upward extension of the arms is massive, and the seat itself is un-
usually thick. The dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of seat,
right side, 27| inches (70.8 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 27| inches (70.5 cm.) ;
breadth inside of seat at upper part, — front, 15f inches (39.1 cm.), back,
144 inches (36.2 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside,
14| inches (36.2 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 11^ inches (29.2 cm.) ;
extreme thickness of seat, 3| inches (9.5 cm.); slant of front of seat, 75
degrees ; extreme height of human figure, 10^ inches (26 cm.) ; average
height of pedestal, 3^ inches (8.3 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 2^ inches
(5.7 cm.). Erom Cerro Jaboncillo.

Plate XII, !N^os. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. The stone is
weathered in places and disintegrated. The head, which is very well
carved, has a band over the forehead, and is slightly higher than the back
of the figure. The nose is aquiline and perfectly preserved. The lower

Saville : Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 33

part of the face is pointed. The mouth and eyes are indifferently repre-
sented. The forehead-band on each side ends in conventionalized ears
with small ear-ornaments. The hands are closed and placed on the ped-
estal, with the thumb on the forefinger at the top. The toes project down-
ward on the upper part of the back of the base, and the front toes are
placed close to each other at an angle from the foot. A double loin-cloth
is shown over the back of the figure. The seat is well rounded in front ;
the arms (front and back) have an upward, inner slant ; and the front part
of the left arm is missing. The dimensions are as follows: Extreme
height of seat, right side, 14^ inches (36.8 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 23^
inches (58.7 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at upper part, back, 13| inches
(34.6 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 13J inches
(34.3 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 9 J inches (24.1 cm.) ; extreme
thickness of seat, 2| inches (7.3 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 76 degrees ;
extreme height of human figure, 10^ inches (26.7 cm.) ; average height of
pedestal, 2f inches (7 cm.); overhang of arms of seat, 1^ inches (3.8 cm.).
From Cerro Jupa.

Plate XII, ^os. 4, 5, and 6, crouching human figure. The head has a
band over the forehead. The face is much disintegrated, and is large and
massive. The body of the figure is not so well carved as in most of the
seats. The elbows do not rest on the pedestal, as is the case in the
majority of this type, but are placed above the knees, making the shoulders
prominent. The hands are represented closed, set well back from the
front edge of the pedestal. The back of the figure is almost plain, the
division of the buttocks, so prominent in most of the seats, not being
represented ; nor are the feet carved over the back of the pedestal. The
seat, which is broad and massive, rests almost directly on the back of
the figure ; the upper part of both arms is missing. The dimensions are
as follows: Extreme height of seat, left side, 27^ inches (68.9 cm.);
extreme breadth, 27^ inches (68.9 cm.); extreme length of seat from front
to back, inside, — left side, 16^ inches (41.3 cm.), right side, 14^ inches
(36.8 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; extreme height
of human figure, 13 inches (33 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 3 inches
(7.6 cm.). Erom Oerro Jaboncillo.

Plate XIII, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching human figure. In this seat
the figure is much smaller in proportion to the size of the seat than in

34 Contributions to South American Archeology

most of the other sculptures. The head, which has a band over the fore-
head, is but slightly higher than the figure itself. The nose is battered.
The eyes and mouth are but indistinctly seen. Part of the upper part of
the head, and lines around the chest, are painted blue; but it is not
certain that the painting is ancient. The arms are entirely out of propor-
tion to the body, the hands being placed close to the elbows, on the ped-
estal, with the thumb on the forefinger. The shoulders are prominent.
The legs are flexed, the heels resting on the buttocks; and the pedestal
projects outward from the back of the figure. The seat rests directly on
the back of the figure, and the front part slants backward; there is a
decided curvature on the interior surface of each arm ; the height of the
arms is unequal, the right arm being higher than the left. The dimen-
sions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 22^ inches (56.2
cm.) ; extreme breadth, 24 inches (61 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at upper
part, — front, 16 inches (40.6 cm.), back, 15^ inches (38.7 cm.); extreme
length of seat from front to back, inside, 15| inches (40 cm.) ; length of
upper part of arms, 13^ inches (33.7 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 1^
inches (3.8 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 76 degrees ; extreme height of
human figure, 8^ inches (21.6 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 2 inches
(5.1 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat. If inches (3.5 cm.). From Oerro de
Hojas.

Plate XIII, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching human figure. The head,
which has a band over the forehead, is slightly higher than the back of the
figure. The ears are well carved. The nose is aquiline and well preserved.
The eyes and mouth are almost obliterated. The hands are closed and
placed on the pedestal, with the thumb on the forefinger, and are not well
carved. The body is well rounded generally. A double loin-cloth is shown
at the back. The toes project downward over the upper part of the back
of the base. The bottom of the seat, which rests directly on the back of
the human figure, has a decided backward slant, the front edge being
slightly rounded with a considerable slant, while the back is almost
vertical. The ujDper part of the left arm of the seat is broken off. The
dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 24| inches
(62.9 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 27^ inches (68.9 cm.) ; extreme length of seat
from front to back, inside, 18^ inches (46 cm.) ; length of upper part of
right arm, 14| inches (37.1 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 3 inches

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 35

(7.6 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 66 degrees ; extreme height of human
figure, 10| inches (27 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 2^ inches (7.3 cm.) ;
overhang of arms of seat, 2| inches (7.3 cm,). From Cerro Jaboncillo.

Plate XIY, Nos. 1 and 2, crouching human figure. The head is placed
in front of the body, which is not carved, being in the rough. The hands
are apparently closed, resting on the knuckles on the pedestal, and placed
against the elbows. There are nodes on the shoulders. The seat rests
directly on the figure. The right arm of the seat is low, and the left arm
is missing. There is a geometric design on the front edge of the seat and
also on the outer edge of the extension of the arm. The dimensions are
as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 14| inches (37.1 cm.) ;
extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 9| inches (24.8 cm.) ;
length of upper part of arm, right, 10^ inches (25.7 cm.) ; extreme thick-
ness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; extreme height of human figure, 5^ inches
(13.3 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; overhang of
arms of seat, f of an inch (1 cm.). Erom Cerro de Hojas.

Plate XIY, No. 3, crouching human figure. The stone is very much
disintegrated. The upper part of the head is flattened outward, forming
a support for the seat. The nose is well preserved. The ears and orna-
ments are treated in a manner similar to those shoAvn in No. 1, Plate IX.
The arms are out of proportion to the rest of the body. The hands are
in the same position as are those of the other seats. The body is placed
against a slab which rises from the back of the pedestal, forming a support
for the seat ; between this slab and the head is a support. Part of the
pedestal is broken and the arms of the seat are missing ; on the front edge
of the seat is an incised geometric design combining the patterns of seats
Nos. 4 and 5 of Plate XIV, and Nos. 1, 2, and 3 of Plate XL The dimen-
sions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, 12| inches (32.4 cm.) ;
extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 11 inches (27.9 cm.);
extreme thickness of seat, 2 inches (5.1 cm.) ; extreme height of human
figure, 74 inches (18.4 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 1-| inches (4.8 cm.).
Erom Oerro de Hojas.

Plate XIY, Nos. 4 and 5, fragment of seat, crouching human figure.
The head, which has been beautifully carved and shows a head-band, is
very much higher than the back of the figure. The ears are well down
toward the lower part of the back of the head and are similar to those

36 Contributions to South American Archeology

shown in No. 3 of this plate. The lower part of the face is entirely broken
off. The eyes are well carved, and the fragment of the nose also shows
the same feature. The right hand is missing ; but the left hand is small,
and carved in a conventional manner. The legs are entirely out of pro-
portion to the rest of the body, being slender; and the feet are very
small. Against the back of the body is placed a thin slab which rises
from the pedestal, forming a support for the back of the seat ; between
the head and this slab is a support placed on the back of the body. The
arms of the seat are entirely missing, but on the front edge are three
sections of a deeply incised geometric pattern. The dimensions are as
follows: Extreme height of seat, 16 inches (40.6 cm.); extreme length of
seat from front to back, inside, 12| inches (32.4 cm.) ; extreme thickness
of seat, 2^ inches (7.3 cm.) ; extreme height of human figure, 10 inches
(25.4 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 2 inches (5.1 cm.). From Cerro
de Hojas.

Plate XIY, No. 6, upper part of the arm of a stone seat, with the
representation on the upper surface of an animal carved in relief. The
dimensions are as follows : Overhang of arms of seat, 1 inch (2.5 cm.) ;
length from front to back of fragment of arm, 10^ inches (26.7 cm.) ;
length of figure carved on top, 5| inches (14.6 cm.) ; height of arm, 2^
inches (6.3 cm.). Erom Oerro de Hojas.

Plate XIY, Nos. 7 and 8, fragment of seat, crouching human figure.
The seat and the greater part of the base are missing. The head, which
has a high band over the forehead, is as large as the body, and rests on the
back of the shoulders, forming a right angle with the body. The ears are
large and placed on the side of the head at the lower part of the head-
band, and are similar to those shown in Nos. 3 and 4 of this plate. The
features of the face are battered. The left hand is placed at the elbow,
apparently closed, although in a battered condition, the right hand being
entirely missing. The back of the body, including the legs, is poorly
carved. The body is placed against a vertical slab which runs from the
lower part of the base upwards, and forms the rear support for the seat.
Between the back of the head and this slab is a high block. The dimen-
sions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, 17^ inches (43.8 cm.); extreme
length of seat from front to back, inside, 11^ inches (28.6 cm.) ; extreme
thickness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; extreme height of human figure, 11^

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 37

inches (28.3 cm.) ; extreme lieiglit of pedestal, 3^ inches (8.3 cm.). From
Cerro de Hojas.

Plate XY, IN^os. 1, 2, 3, and 4, crouching human figure. The face is
very much battered; a band is shown over the forehead. The head is
placed directly in front of the figure, which is represented with the rear
part higher than the chest. The arms are short and conventionalized.
The rear of the figure shows the legs spread out with the feet under the
hips. The figure itself is one of the smallest of any found in the Manabi
seats. The pedestal has a considerable outward extension on either side
of the figure ; the seat is broad and massive ; and the whole front appears
to have suffered from fire : consequently it is impossible to determine
whether the front border was decorated. The top of the arms, the outer
extensions, and the entire surface of the back border, have geometric
patterns. This decoration probably extended over the front border as
well. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, left side,
19|^ inches (48.6 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 29 inches (73.7 cm.) ; breadth
inside of seat at upper part, — front, 17^ inches (44.5 cm.), back, 17 inches
(43.2 cm.); extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 8f inches
(21.3 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 3^ inches (8.9 cm.) ; slant of front of
seat, 82J degrees ; extreme height of human figure, 6^ inches (15.9 cm.) ;
average height of pedestal, 2 inches (5.1 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat,
2f inches (6.7 cm.). From Cerro Agua [N^uevo.

Plate XYI, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, small unfinished seat, having a massive
support, and showing marks of pecking. On the front part is a rude face,
probably a puma. The arms are broken off, and the back is entirely
plain. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, 15f
inches (39.1 cm.); extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 11|^
inches (29.2 cm.) ; apparent thickness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; extreme
height of supporting figure, 7 inches (17.8 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal,
3 inches (7.6 cm.). Prom Cerro de Hojas.

Plate XYI, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching human figure. The stone is
much disintegrated. The head, which has a band over the forehead, is
considerably higher than the back of the figure. The ears are set well
back, and with the eyes are well carved. The nose is battered, and the
mouth is almost imperceptible. The forehead is broad, and the lower
part of the face is narrow. The hands project from the elbows on either

38 Contributions to South American Archeology

side, and are much destroyed. The toes project downward over the upper
part of the base, and are placed close to each other at an angle from the
feet. The seat rests on a support placed on the back of the figure : the
arms are broken off. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of
seat, 20 inches (50.8 cm.) ; extreme breadth,- 23 inches (58.4 cm.) ; extreme
length of seat from front to back, inside, 13^ inches (34.3 cm.) ; extreme
thickness of seat, 3^ inches (9.8 cm.) ; extreme height of human figure, 10
inches (25.4 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 4^ inches (11.4 cm.). Erom
Cerro de Hojas.

Plate XYII, IN^o. 1, crouching human figure, the smallest specimen
known from Manabi. The base is broken, and the arms of the seat are
entirely missing. The head, which has a band over the forehead, is higher
than the back of the figure. The ears are large, the nose prominent, and
the lower part of the face rather pointed. The hands are closed and are
placed on the pedestal, with the thumb on the forefinger at the top. The
feet are large and not well carved. A loin-cloth is shown between the legs
at the rear. The seat rests on a support on the back of the figure. This
specimen is of very great interest on account of its diminutive size. The
dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, 7^ inches (18.4 cm.);
extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 8 inches (20.3 cm.) ;
extreme thickness of seat, 1 inch (2.5 cm.); extreme height of human
figure, 4f inches (11.7 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 1 inch (2.5 cm.).
Erom Oerro de Hojas.

We now come to the series of the animal figure support type.

Plate XYII, Ifo. 2, small, broken seat. The sides and back are not
carved. The head of an animal is carved in relief on the front, but no
body is shown. The peck-marks of the tools used in carving this sculp-
ture are more prominent than in the majority of the seats. The face of
the animal has incised lines over the forehead and below the nose, pro-
jecting down on either side of the cheek. The lips are very prominent.
The arms of the seat are entirely missing. The dimensions are as follows:
Extreme height of seat, 9^ inches (24.1 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from
front to back, inside, 7 inches (17.8 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 1^
inches (3.2 cm.) ; extreme height of support of seat with animal head, 6|
inches (17.1 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 1 inch (2.5 cm.). Erom
Cerro de Hojas.

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador

39

Fig, 1 is a head somewhat similar in character to the head on
the seat just described. It has been broken off from a larger sculpture,
undoubtedly a small seat. The mouth
is highly conventionalized, and incised
lines extend over each side of the face.

Plate XYII, 'J^o. 3, small, broken
seat. The sides and back are not carved.
An animal figure projects from the front
of the base. The head is out of propor-
tion to the rest of the bodv. The nose
and eyes are prominent, and the mouth
is represented by a serrated line. The
fore legs of the animal are angular.
The dimensions are as follows : Extreme
height of seat, 9^ inches (24.1 cm.) ; ex- pi^ ^

treme length of seat from front to back, inside, 6| inches (17.5 cm.) ;
extreme thickness of seat, 1^ inches (2.9 cm.) ; extreme height of animal
figure, 6 inches (15.2 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 1 inch (2.5 cm.).
From Oerro Jaboncillo.

Plate XYIII, !N^os. 1, 2, and 3, crouching animal figure, probably a
puma. The face is well carved. The ears are prominent. The lower part
of the fore legs end in human hands placed on the pedestal, with the
thumb on the forefinger at the top. The hind legs are small and conven-
tionalized. The back of the figure is entirely plain, perhaps unfinished.
The seat is broad and massive with heavy outer extensions to the upper
part of the arms ; the left arm is higher than the right arm. The dimen-
sions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, left side, 23| inches (60.3
cm.) ; extreme breadth, 29| inches (75.9 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at
upper part, — front, 17 inches (43.2 cm.), back, 16^ inches (41.9 cm.);
extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 14^ inches (35.9 cm.) ;
extreme thickness of seat, 2| inches (7 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 67
degrees; extreme height of animal figure, 10 inches (25.4 cm.) ; average
height of pedestal, 2| inches (7 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 2J inches
(6.3 cm.). From Oerro Jaboncillo.

Plate XVIII, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching animal figure, probably a
puma. The head projects forward on a level with the back. The ears are

40 Contributions to South American Archeology

prominent. The fore legs, which are carved in the same way as are those
of the human figures, have human hands resting on the pedestal, with the
thumb placed on the forefinger at the top. The hind feet are convention-
alized, and placed in front of the hips. The tail is coiled around the right
hind leg. The seat is placed directly on the back of the animal with a
decided slant backward toward the upper part of the arms; the arms
are of unequal height, the right arm being higher than the left, and longer
from front to back; the pedestal is massive. The dimensions are as
follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 25f inches (65.1 cm.) ; extreme
breadth, 26f inches (67 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at upper part, — front,
17^ inches (44.5 cm.), back, 17| inches (44.1 cm.) ; extreme length of seat
from front to back, inside, 15| inches (40 cm.) ; length of upper part of
arms, 12^ inches (31.8 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ;
slant of front of seat, 78 degrees; extreme height of animal figure,
10 inches (25.4 cm.); average height of pedestal, 3| inches (8.3 cm.);
overhang of arms of seat, 1 inch (2.5 cm.). Erom Oerro Jaboncillo.

Plate XIX, Nos 1, 2, and 3, crouching animal figure, probably a puma.
The head projects outward in front of the pedestal on a level with the top
of the back. The ears and teeth are prominent. The face is well carved.
The fore legs end with human hands placed on the pedestal with the
thumb on the forefinger at the top. The hind legs are small, convention-
alized, and out of proportion to the rest of the figure, and are just back of
the elbows. The rear part of the figure is plain, with slight indication
of the buttocks at the bottom, and no tail is represented. The seat rests
directly upon the back, and the bottom of the seat slopes backward
towards the rear of the figure ; the arms are of unequal length, — the left
arm being considerably higher than the right, — which gives the appearance
of the whole seat being placed unevenly on the back of the animal. The
dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, left side, 25| inches
(65.4cm.); extreme breadth, 24^ inches (61.6 cm.); breadth inside of seat
at upper part, — front, 14| inches (37.5 cm.), back, 15^ inches (38.7 cm.) ;
length of upper part of arms, 13^ inches (34.3 cm.) ; extreme thickness of
seat, 2f inches (6 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 79^ degrees; extreme height
of animal figure, 10| inches (26.7 cm.) ; average height of pedestal, 2|
inches (7 cm.); overhang of arms of seat, 1 inch (2.5 cm.). Erom Oerro
Jaboncillo.

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 41

Plate XIX, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching animal figure, probably a
puma. The head projects well outward in front of the base on a level
with the back of the figure. The ears are large and prominent. The fore
feet are human, resting on the pedestal with the thumb on the forefinger
at the top. The hind legs are hardly represented ; and the back of the
figure is almost plain, with the exception of a vertical groove in the centre,
dividing the two rear parts of the figure. The seat projects over the
front and back of the pedestal ; the left arm is higher than the right arm ;
and there is a decided curve to the front border of the seat. The
dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, left side, 21 inches
(53.3 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 24^ inches (61.3 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat
at upper part, — front, 15| inches (39.4 cm.), back, 14| inches (37.5 cm.);
extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 16| inches (41.9 cm.) ;
length of upper part of arms, 13^ inches (33.7 cm.) ; extreme thickness of
seat, \^ inches (4.8 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 71 degrees ; extreme
height of animal figure, 10^ inches (26.7 cm.) ; average height of pedestal,
2 inches (5.1 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 1 inch (2.5 cm,). From
Oerro de Hojas.

Plate XX, ]N"os. 1, 2, and 3, crouching animal figure. The stone is
much disintegrated. The ears are prominent. The pedestal is quite thick.
The arms are of unequal height, the right arm being slightly higher than
the left. The front border shows a very much defaced geometric design.
The dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, right side, 16^
inches (41.3 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 21^ inches (54.6 cm.) ; breadth inside
of seat at upper part, — front, 15^ inches (38.7 cm.), back, 14| inches (37.8
cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 9| inches (24.8
cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 9 inches (22.9 cm.) ; extreme thickness
of seat, 2 inches (5.1 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 75 degrees ; extreme
height of animal figure, 8 inches (20.3 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal,
2^ inches (6.3 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, ^ of an inch (1.3 cm.).
Erom Oerro Jupa.

Plate XX, Nos. 4, 5, and 6, crouching animal figure, probably a
puma. The carving of this seat is very much weathered ; but the figure
is quite like that of I^os. 1, 2, and 3 of Plate XXI. The fore feet or
hands are massive. The seat rests directly on the back of the figure ; the
arms are of unequal height, the left arm being higher than the right. A

42 Contributions to South American Archeology

much defaced geometric pattern is carved on the front border. The
dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, left side, 19^ inches
(49.5 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 20^ inches (52.1 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat
at upper part, — front, 154 inches (38.7 cm.), back, 13^ inches (34.3 cm.);
extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 11| inches (29.2 cm.) ;
length of upper part of arms, 10^ inches (26 cm.) ; extreme thickness of
seat, 2f inches (6 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 80 degrees ; extreme height
of animal figure, 7| inches (19.7 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 2
inches (5.1 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, ^ of an inch (1.3 cm.). Erom
Oerro Jupa.

Plate XXI, !N^os. 1, 2, and 3, crouching animal figure, probably a
puma. This is one of the best specimens of carving from Manabi. The
face of the animal is well represented. There are lines over the forehead,
and the mouth with teeth is shown. The seat rests directly on the back
of the figure, with the back part very much lower than the front; the arms
are of unequal height, the left arm being slightly higher than the right.
On the front border of this seat is a geometric design deeply cut, with
patterns similar to those found on pottery stamps from this region (see
Plate XLII, Nos. 12 and 13). The dimensions are as follows : Extreme
height of seat, left side, 17f inches (45.1 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 19^ inches
(48.9 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat, — centre, 16^ inches (41.3 cm.), back, 15
inches (38.1 cm.), extreme thickness of seat, 1| inches (4.8 cm.) ; slant of
front of seat, 74 degrees ; extreme height of animal figure, 7 inches (17.8
cm.); extreme height of pedestal. If inches (4.4 cm.); overhang of arms
of seat, 4 of an inch (0.6 cm.). Erom Oerro Jupa.

Plate XXI, N^os. 4, 5, and 6, crouching animal figure, probably a
puma. This seat is the most massive for its size of any seat from Manabi.
It is of a soft, friable, argillaceous, shaly sandstone, and the surface is
quite weathered. The head of the animal projects in front of the figure.
The shoulders are prominent. The fore feet do not show traces of toes.
The hind legs are not shown, the back of the figure being like a solid
support for the seat, entirely plain except for a vertical groove, which
divides it into two sections. The seat is broad, with large, rounded,
globular-like swellings on either side below the arm-rests, which are
unusually broad. The front edge of the seat is decorated with geometric
designs similar to those in No. 1 of Plate XXYI. The swelling of the

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 43

body of the seat on either side about the arm-extensions or arm-rests is
also a feature, but not in so pronounced a manner, in seats ^Nos. 1, 2,
and 3 of Plate XXY, and in ]^o. 1 of Plate XXYI. The dimensions are
as follows: Extreme height of seat, left side, 23^ inches (58.7 cm.);
extreme breadth, 31 inches (78.7 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at upper
part, 14 inches (35.6 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back,
inside, — right side, 12^ inches (31.8 cm.), left side, 13 inches (33 cm.);
average length of iipper part of arms, 12 inches (30.5 cm.) ; extreme
thickness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.); extreme height of animal figure,
7^ inches (19 cm.); average height of pedestal, 1^ inches (3.8 cm.); over-
hang of arms of seat, 5^ inches (14 cm.). From Oerro Agua Nuevo.

Plate XXII, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching animal figure, probably a
puma. The head projects well outward in front of the base, the upper
part being slightly higher than the back of the body. The figure has been
well carved, but the stone is quite disintegrated. The head is out of pro-
portion to the rest of the body. The forearms have prominent shoulders,
and the hands or feet project downward over the front of the pedestal.
The tail has been coiled around the left hind leg, partly represented on the
pedestal, which on both sides is broken off. The seat rests directly on the
back of the animal, and is the only specimen from Manabi in which there
are no outward extensions to the upper part of the arms. The dimensions
are as follows : Extreme height of seat, left side, 18 inches (45.7 cm.) ;
extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 12 inches (30.5 cm.) ;
length of upper part of arms, 12 inches (30.5 cm.) ; extreme thickness
of seat, IJ inches (3.8 cm.) ; extreme height of animal figure, 7^ inches
(18.1 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 2 inches (5.1 cm.). Prom Cerro
de Hojas.

Plate XXII, jS^os. 4, 5, and 6, crouching animal figure, probably a
puma. The head is slightly higher than the back of the body. The face
is rather well carved ; the ears are shown ; the teeth are prominent ; the
chest is rounded ; the shoulders are large ; the feet are small ; and the tail
is coiled between the hind legs. The seat rests directly on the back of the
animal, and is massive and thick ; the arms are very low and spreading.
The dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, 12 inches (30.5
cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 9 inches (22.9
cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, If inches (4.4 cm.) ; extreme height of

44 Contributions to South American Archeology

animal figure, 1\ inches (18.4 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 2 inches
(5.1 cm.). Erom Cerro de Hojas.

Plate XXIII, !Nos. 1 and 2, crouching animal figure, probably a
puma. The whole rear part of the seat is missing. The head is round.
The ears are not shown, and the teeth are prominent. The shoulders
are rounded nodes like those in seats No. 1 of Plate XXII and I^o. 1 of
Plate XIY with the human figures. The fore legs are much longer than
in the majority of animal figures. The feet are represented by five lines,
which rest with the tips of the toes on the pedestal. The left arm of the
seat is lower than the right arm. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme
height of seat, right side, 21 inches (53.3 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 22 inches
(55.9 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 2§ inches (7.3 cm.) ; extreme height
of animal figure, 8| inches (21 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, If inches
(4.4 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, ^ of an inch (1.3 cm.). Erom Oerro
de Hojas.

Plate XXIY, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching animal figure, probably a
puma. The head, which is on a level with the back of the figure, projects
well forward in front of the seat and pedestal. The breast is rounded and
prominent. The shoulders are enormous nodes. The fore feet are much
disintegrated, but apparently of human type. The hind legs are well
carved, but the lower part is out of proportion to the rest of the figure, the
feet being very small. The tail coils around the right hind leg, and the tip
of the tail is slightly represented back of the right fore foot. This seat is
different from those seen in the other examples from Manabi. The out-
ward upper extension of the arms is missing, but instead, a rim is carved on
either side. The left arm is higher than the right arm, and on the top are
three slight pits. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat,
left side, 21^ inches (54 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 22^ inches (56.5 cm.) ;
breadth inside of seat at upper part, — front, 16| inches (42.5 cm.), back, 16
inches (40.6 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 14|
inches (37.5 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 13^ inches (33.7 cm.) ;
extreme thickness of seat, 2^ inches (6.3 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 80
degrees ; extreme height of animal figure, 11 inches (27.9 cm.) ; average
height of pedestal. If inches (4.4 cm.). Erom Oerro de Hojas.

Plate XXY, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, crouching animal figure, probably a
puma. The stone is very much disintegrated, and the figure is rudely

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 45

carved. The head is placed between the shoulders. The arms are very
long, and extend full length from the shoulders downward, thus raising
the front part of the body above the rear, which shows the hind legs
low and crouching. The feet rest on the pedestal, back from the front
edge. The seat rests directly on the arched body and head of the
animal ; the arms are of unequal length, the right arm being higher than
the left. The whole sculpture is unusually narroAV from front to back.
The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 28|
inches (72.1 cm.); extreme breadth, 34^ inches (86.7 cm.); breadth inside
of seat at upper part, — front, 19 inches (48.3 cm.), back, 18| inches (47.6
cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 10 inches (25.4
cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, 8 inches (20.3 cm.) ; extreme thick-
ness of seat, 3^ inches (8.3 cm.) ; slant of front of seat, 78 degrees ;
extreme height of animal figure, 12 inches (30.5 cm.); average height of
pedestal, 2 inches (5.1 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.).
From Oerro Agua I^uevo.

Plate XXYI, Kos. 1, 2, and 3. Seat of an entirely different type
from any other found in Manabi. Upon the pedestal, which is quite thin,
near the back, is a slab-like support upon which rests the seat ; in front of
this slab is carved a figure, now much defaced, which resembles a lizard,
with the head resting on the front part of the pedestal. The seat is broad ;
the left arm is higher than the right, and the front edge is decorated with
geometric patterns. In the centre of this border a rectangular piece is cut
out. On the outer part of the seat, near the front and back edge, is a raised
band. The dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, both sides,
26| inches (68 cm.) ; extreme breadth, 26^ inches (67.3 cm.) ; breadth inside
of seat at upper part, — front, 19^ inches (48.9 cm.), back, 19^ inches
(48.9 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 12^ inches
(31.8 cm.) ; length of upper part of arms, lOf inches (27.3 cm.) ; extreme
thickness of seat, 2f inches (6.7 cm.) ; slant in front of seat, 80 degrees ;
extreme height of supporting figure, 12^ inches (31.8 cm.) ; average height
of pedestal, 2| inches (6.7 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, | of an inch
(1.9 cm.). From Oerro Jupa.

Plate XXYII, No. 1, fragment of a small stone seat. This small
sculpture lacks the whole left side, and it is difficult to conjecture what
was really the original shape. On the front part of the support, above the

46 Contributions to South American Archeology

pedestal, a disc is carved in relief, in the centre of whicli is an animal face
resembling a puma. This design is identical with the copper discs on
Plate XLI, from this region, which are also fonnd in various parts of the
interior provinces of Ecuador. Descriptions of these copper objects will
be found further on. The dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of
seat, right side, 11 inches (27.9 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, \\ inches
(3.2 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 1^ inches (3.8 cm.) ; size of disc on
front of seat, 6 inches (15.2 cm.). Erom Oerro Jaboncillo.

Plate XXYII, Ko. 2, small massive seat. The upper part of the
arms is missing. The pedestal is only a little larger than the square
block which serves as a support for the seat. The sides and back are not
sculptured, and the front, which is carved in relief, has a rude figure
resembling a monkey, which is too much disintegrated to determine
accurately whether the hands support anything. The dimensions are as
follows : Extreme height of seat, right side, 14| inches (36.2 cm.) ; extreme
breadth, 19J inches (49.5 cm.) ; breadth inside of seat at upper part, 15
inches (38.1 cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 9|
inches (24.8 cm.) ; extreme thickness of seat, 2^ inches (5.7 cm.) ; extreme
height of animal figure, 7f inches (18.7 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal,
1^ inches (3.8 cm.) ; overhang of arms of seat, f of an inch (1 cm.). From
Oerro Agua Nuevo.

Plate XXYII, No. 3, small, low seat. The arms are missing, and

the support is a solid, square block resting on a massive pedestal. The

sides and back are not carved ; on the front of this block is carved in relief

a very realistic representation of a bat with outspread wings. The

dimensions are as follows : Extreme height of seat, 11^ inches (28.6 cm.) ;

extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 8^ inches (21.6 cm.);

extreme thickness of seat. If inches (4.4 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal,

2 inches (5.1 cm.). Erom Oerro Jaboncillo.

The following is a description of broken seats not illustrated in this
report.

Seat (gig), crouching human figure. The pedestal is broken off and
the base has been restored with cement. The whole stone is somewhat dis-
integrated. The face is battered, a band is shown over the forehead, and
the eyes are quite prominent. The front and back edges of the seat are
curved. Erom Oerro de Hojas.

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 47

Seat (sis), crouching human figure. The upper part of the head swells
out, but there is no trace of a head-band. The ears are placed on the side
of the face, the nose is battered, and the lower part of the chin is broken.
The whole figure is much disintegrated. The forearms are short, the
hands apparentlj^ closed and in the same position as in the other seats; the
back of the figure is angular ; the toes are not represented. The broad
loin-cloth is shown. The pedestal is massive, and the seat rests on a sup-
port placed on the back of the figure; the arms are entirely broken off.
The dimensions are as follows: Extreme height of seat, 18 inches (45.7
cm.) ; extreme length of seat from front to back, inside, 13 inches (33 cm.) ;
extreme thickness of seat, 3 inches (7.6 cm.) ; extreme height of human
figure, 10 inches (25.4 cm.) ; extreme height of pedestal, 3^ inches (8.9
cm.). From Oerro de Hojas.

Fragment of seat (g^j), head and shoulders of crouching animal figure
with the remains of the front base of the seat on the head. This face is
one of the best carved of any of the animal heads in the Manabi seats.
The eyes, ears, and nose are prominent; the cheeks in this case are
well shown ; and the mouth has two lines of teeth. The head is 6 inches
(15.2 cm.) high. From Oerro de Hojas.

In the custom-house in Manta there are four broken seats of the
ordinary types ; and in the same town there are said to be two or three
others in the hands of private individuals: these are all from Cerro de
Hojas. In Monte Oristi are many broken seats from the same hill, and a
number of very fine perfect examples. The largest seat known belongs to
the town of Monte Oristi, and it is now in front of the municipal building.
It is in a very good state of preservation, and is 3 feet (91.4 cm.) in height,
and 2^ feet (76.2 cm.) broad across the upper and outer ends of the arms.
In the church in the town of Picoaza are nine seats, eight of which are
perfect; one has the figure of a tiger, and the others are human figures.
In front of the church are three other seats more or less imperfect. In
Papagallo are several large, massive, splendidly preserved specimens in
private hands. There is one interesting seat, which has been alluded to,
in Porto Yiejo. It is in front of the police station. It is small, with a
low, broad, expanding seat, and on the front is a small, standing human
figure with a loin-cloth; the head is missing. It is the only one of this
type which was seen in Manabi. There are many more or less imperfect

48 Contributions to South American Archeology

seats kept in the houses in Porto Yiejo. All of the seats in the villages
of Picoaza and Papagallo and in the city of Porto Vie jo have been
brought from the summit of Oerro Jaboncillo.^

The stone seats of the Ecuadorian coast are not unknown in the
museums of America and Europe. In the United States there are at
least seven examples. In the Yale University Museum, ^N^ew Haven,
there is one specimen of the human figure type, made of andesite. It is
18 inches (45.7 cm.) high, 21 inches (53.3 cm.) broad across the top, and
the pedestal has a breadth of 12 inches (30.5 cm.). On the back of the
figure appears a loin-cloth. In the Field Museum of I^atural History,
Chicago, there are two of these sculptures, one of which is of the human
figure type, while the other has an entirely plain, quadrangular support.
In Washington, the Smithsonian Institution has one specimen of the
human figure type, which is 2 feet 4 inches (71.1 cm.) high. In the
Pioneers Museum, San Prancisco, there were, before the fire, two speci-
mens, and in the Natural History Societies Museum of Santa Barbara,
California, there is another seat.

In the museums of Europe, fifteen seats are known to the writer.
In the Musee Royal D'Antiquites of Brussels are two seats of the human
figure type, which have been figured and described by Bamps.^ In the
Royal Ethnological Museum at Dresden there is a single specimen of the
human figure type, which has been figured and described by Dr. Uhle.^^
In the Trocadero Museum in Paris are two very fine examples, one of the
animal type and the other of the human type. These have been figured
and described by Dr. Hamy.^'^

Professor Holmes has kindly furnished copies of his notes regarding
stone chairs which he saw in various museums in Europe. In the British
Museum there is one rather small specimen of the animal type. In the
Stuttgart Ethnographical Museum there are two low seats of the animal
type. The larger is 24 inches (61 cm.) high, has an extreme breadth
of 25 inches (63.5 cm.) across the top of the arms, and is 16 inches (40.6
cm.) wide across the seat. The face projects more than usual, while the
other has a flat face. In the Ethnographical Museum in Berlin there are
five of the animal type. The two largest are 25 inches (63.5 cm.) high;
the smallest is 15^ inches (39.4 cm.) in height, 19 inches (48.3 cm.) broad
across the top of the arms, and 10 inches (25.4 cm.) wide across the seat.

Samlle: Antiquities of 3fa7iabi, Ecuador 49

In the Kiinstgewerbe MuseiiDi in Berlin there is one of the animal type,
of medium size, with low, wide, open seat. One is said to be in the
Vienna Museum, and another in the Ethnological Museum of Elorence.
Doubtless there are examples of the stone seats in a number of other
museums in Europe, as well as in priyate hands in Germany, as we were
informed in Manabi that many haye been sent out of the country by
the German merchants established along this part of the coast.

HUMAN FIGUEES. The collection of stone sculptures includes
a number of idols, or small statues of human J&gures, of seyeral types.
Snarez has already figured two sculptures of this class, which he describes
as follows : " They represent two men, standing aboye a broad base
which seryed as a pedestal ; the extended arms are not separated from
the body, and the legs are almost a part of the column, which constitutes
the lower part of the body. They wear as a head-dress a kind of high,
almost round, nightcap, and a belt which appears to keep down the
garment to the waist : with this exception, they are completely naked, with
only a loin-cloth around the waist, which appears to be yery marked."

The present collection consists of eight entirely complete figures of
males, standing erect on pedestals, the base of another figure, the heads
of six others, two small sculptures which may be classed by themselyes,
and two seated female figures ; making, of complete and fragmentary
human figures, a total of nineteen. They are caryed from the same stone
as the seats, some being of andesite, and some of sandstone ; and they vary
in height from 9^ inches (23.5 cm.) to 24| inches (62.9 cm.).

Before describing these sculptures in detail we may remark here,
that the ancient Spanish historians refer to the fact that, when the
conquerors of Peru arriyed in the proyince of Porto Yiejo, they found
there yarious statues of stone with flowing robes, and mitres on the head,
and that some of these statues were of gigantic dimensions. 'No sculptures
which would answer the descriptions of the ancient writers in regard to
size are known in the proyince of Manabi; and this collection is the
only one yet brought together from this region, with the exception of
the two specimens before mentioned, described by Suarez, which he states
are in priyate hands in Manabi.

No. 1, Plate XXYIII, is a human figure 24| inches (62.9 cm.) high.

50 Contrihiitions to South American Archeology

It is made of very much weathered andesite, and the features are hardly
discernible. The body is erect, and presents almost a straight column
in front, with the exception of a slight protuberance on the right side,
representing the knee, and on the back of the figure, representing the
buttocks. Vertical grooves show the division of the legs. The figure is
entirely naked. The arms are represented close to the body, the hands
placed close to the knees ; the fingers are slightly shown. The shoulders
are broad, and the head rests almost directly upon the shoulders. The ears
are well brought out on each side of the head, and ear-ornaments are
shown. Traces are seen of an expanding cap-like covering of the head
over the forehead, and coming down on either side of the face in front of
the ears. The head has an outward expansion towards the top, upon which
rests a ring with a depression in the upper surface. The sculpture has a
thick pedestal upon which the figure stands. The feet and the division
of the toes are slightly represented on the upper surface of the base.

The following is a description of the other specimens which have
these cup-like depressions or bowls on the head.

^o. 2, Plate XXYIII, is a figure 22 inches (55.9 cm.) high, made
of sandstone. It rests on a rectangular pedestal which has a height of
3 inches (7.6 cm.). The knees are slightlj^ bent; the body above the waist
is flattened; the legs are massive, with the knees represented; the arms
form a right angle with the shoulders, and are close to the body; the
hands are shown. The feet are broadened at the sides and back of the
ankle, giving somewhat the appearance of a sandal ; and this is a feature
of ¥o. 5, Plate XXYIII, of ^o. 3, Plate XXIX, and j|-„ which is not
illustrated. There is a band around the body, well above the waist, with
two strips hanging from it on the front (coming down just above each
knee), and two strips placed close together on the back. With this
exception, the body is entirely naked. The face is small and badly carved.
The ears are prominent, and are worked out in the same manner as are the
ears of the animal figures in the stone seats; the loAver part of each ear
is covered by an ear bob or ornament. The head has an outward expan-
sion, being very considerable at the back. On the top of the head is a
cupped depression, and there are traces of a cap-like covering of the head
over the forehead, coming down on either side of the face in front of the
ears, and extending around the back of the head just above the neck.

Saville: Antiquities of Jfanabif Ecuador 51

^o. 3, Plate XXYIII, is a human figure 14f inclies (36.5 cm.) liigh,
on a pedestal which is broken, but shows traces of an enclosed serrated
design on the front border. This figure is standing erect with the arms
placed close to the sides, the hands resting on the hips. The legs are
massive ; the knees are perhaps intended to be represented near the waist.
A three-lined girdle is shown around the waist with a triangular-shaped
apron going down between the legs, and there are traces of a decorated
band around the neck. The face has been rather well carved, with an
aquiline nose; the ears are shown, but without ornaments. There are
traces of a cap-like covering of the head over the forehead, coming down
on either side of the face in front of the ears. The head has an outward
expansion towards the top, this expansion being greater at the back
than at the forehead ; the top of the head, which is flat, has a deep conical
depression.

No. 4, Plate XXYIII, is the head of a standing figure. It is 6^
inches (16.5 cm.) high. The features are very similar to those on the stone
seat in No. 4, Plate XIII. The eyes and mouth are small, and out of
proportion to the nose, which is large, aquiline, and perfectly preserved;
the ears are not carved flat on the side of the head, as in the majority of
the stone figures, but project outward, as in life; the forehead is covered
by a band which ends in front of the upper part of the ears; the head has
an outward expansion, more pronounced at the back than at the front, and
is flat at the top, with a cup-shaped depression.

No. 5, Plate XXYIII, is a figure, resting on a massive pedestal, in
character somewhat similar to that of Nos. 2 and 3 of Plate XXYIII.
The height of the figure is 19| inches (50.2 cm.), and the height of the
pedestal, 3^ inches (7.9 cm.). The figure is erect; the arms extend down
along the side of the body; the hands, placed on the hips, are large, and
give somewhat the appearance of being covered with thick gloves, but
really the ^vrist is represented by the expansion ; the legs are short and
massive ; the upper part of the body is flat in front and back. A double-
banded girdle is around the waist, with a loin-cloth shown at the front and
back of the figure between the legs. The head rests upon the broad
shoulders, the right shoulder being much lower than the left. The face
has been battered and cut by the natives who discovered the figure, so
that little can be said of the features, which in a general way may be

52 Contributions to South American Archeology

described as being crudely represented. Tbe nose is broad and flat; the
eyes are prominent; tlie ears are large, and show no traces of ear-orna-
ments; the head has an outward expansion towards the top, which is flat
and has no depression. The head-covering is shown over the forehead,
coming down over the sides of the face, extending upwards over the
ears and around the back of the head, slightly below the top of the ears.

The lower part of a figure resting on a thick, massive pedestal (■^),
not illustrated here, is similar to 'No. 5, Plate XXVIII. It is possible
that a head in the collection (5^), not illustrated, belongs to this figure;
but the upper part of the body is missing.

^o. 1, Plate XXIX, is a curious sculpture 10 inches (25.4 cm.) high,
a portion of the lower part being missing. It is really a stone cylinder
with a human head carved on one side near the top. There is a band over
the forehead ; the nose is aquiline ; the eyes and mouth are almost entirely
obliterated; on either side of the face are ear-ornaments in place of the
ears ; the arms are in relief, bent at the elbows with the closed fists nearly
touching each other over the abdomen ; the legs are short, and the knees
are apparently under the closed fists ; the feet are broken off. The whole
sculpture is intended to represent a seated human figure.

No. 2, Plate XXIX, is one of the most singular sculptures from
Manabi. It is 20| inches (52.7 cm.) high. It represents a human figure
standing on a small, thin pedestal. The body is almost a square column,
no parts of it being represented, with the exception of arms bent at the
elbow; hands, coming to the front of the column, carved in relief on
either side ; a depression in front to show the legs ; and a slight protuber-
ance for the knees. With these exceptions, the body is entirely plain.
The head, which is massive, rests upon the top of the column ; the chin is
broken ; the nose is large and prominent ; the eyes are small ; the ears are
large and conventionalized, and show ornaments in the lower lobe; the
whole head generally is cylindrical with an expansion towards the top, and
slight traces are shown of a cap-like covering over the forehead, coming
down to the top of the ears in front. The top of this cylindrical column
forming the head was expanded into a bowl or plate, of which the sides
and rim are entirely broken off.

Kos. 3, 4, and 5, Plate XXIX, are of the same general type. No. 3
rests on a truncated, conical pedestal. The figure is 14^ inches (36.8 cm.)

Saville: Antiquities of 3fanahi, Ecuador 53

high; the pedestal is 3 inches (7.6 cm.) thick; and the diameter of the
bowl, inside measurement, is 8^ inches (21.6 cm.). The figure is practically
complete, with the exception of the edge of the bowl on the head. It
stands erect with the hands placed on the hips, the arms being separated
from the body below the shoulders. The fingers are not brought out ; the
toes are not shown ; and the feet have the peculiarity before mentioned in
connection with InTos. 2 and 5 of Plate XXYIII, The face projects well
in front of the body ; it has a pointed chin, pronounced cheek-bones, and
the nose, unfortunately, is almost entirely broken off. The ears in this
figure show extreme conventionalization, the lower semicircular part
probably representing ear-ornaments. The figure is entirely naked. The
plate on the top of the head is broad, and the rim is missing. This is
one of the most interesting figures from Manabi.

No. 4, Plate XXIX, is the head and upper part of the body, minus
the left shoulder, of a very well carved figure. The figure is 9 inches
(22.9 cm.) high, and the bowl has a diameter of 7| inches (20 cm.). The
nose and mouth are battered, but the eyes are still to be seen ; the right
shoulder is well carved, and shows the arm sej)arated from the body ; the
ears are of the conventionalized type just referred to, and nearly all of
the bowl or plate which was placed on the head is present, with the
exception of the edge above the forehead and a piece broken ofE near
the back of the head. There is a cap-like covering on the head, and
traces of the same are seen on the back just above the neck. This plate
is interesting, as it gives us the approximate type of the bowl on the
nearly complete figure just described.

1^0. 5, Plate XXIX, is a very much defaced head and shoulders of
a human figure. It is 7^ inches (19 cm.) high. The features are much
battered. The arms are missing; the plate or bowl which was once
represented on the head is almost entirely gone ; the cap-like covering of
the head is shown ; and the ears are carved in the peculiar conventional
manner which is a feature of the other two of this class.

iN'o. 1, Plate XXX, is an erect human figure standing on a thick
pedestal. The treatment of the body is quite similar to that of ISo. 5,
Plate XXYIII, with the exception that the chest and back are not flat.
The loin-cloth in front is identical, but is not shown extending around the
back of the figure. The divisions of the fingers and toes are not indicated.

54 Contributions to South American Archeology

The head is large, the top is flat, and there is but little indication of an
outward expansion. Around the outer part of the top of the head, the
surface of the stone is roughly pecked, in contradistinction to the rest
of the figure, which is quite smooth ; this may be evidence of the former
existence of a bowl or plate on top of the head, the edges of which were
broken, and the rough surface smoothed off by pecking. The back of the
neck is deeply pecked, forming at the upper part an arch-like rim
suggesting the back of a head-covering; the nose is broken; the chin is
pointed; the cheek-bones are prominent; the eyes and mouth are barely
distinguishable; and the ears are rudely carved on the side of the head,
without any division of the lobes. The figure is 17 inches (43.2 cm.) high,
and the height of the pedestal is 2^ inches (6.3 cm.).

Nos. 2 and 3, Plate XXX, are front and side views of a human
figure standing erect on a pedestal now partly broken. The figure is 15f
inches (40 cm.) high. The arms are close to the sides, the left shoulder
being higher than the right; the hands are short and broad, and, as in
iifos. 3 and 4 of Plate XXYIII and l^o. 1 of Plate XXX, no elbows are
indicated. Six fingers are shown on each hand, but the feet are so
battered that it is impossible to determine whether there was any division
of the toes. The figure is entirely nude. The head, the top of which is
flat, is large ; the chin is raised ; there are slight traces over the forehead
of a cap or head-band ; the eyes and mouth are obliterated ; the ears are
represented at right angles with the side of the head ; and the nose, which
is the most prominent feature of the face, is large, aquiline, and in a
perfect state of preservation, having the septum pierced as if to hold an
ornament. While in a general way the figure somewhat resembles 'No. 1,
Plate XXX, the treatment is generally different from the others here-
tofore described.

A head of the collection (^) is not illustrated. It is 9 inches
(22.9 cm.) high, and broken off from a figure. The upper part is quite
circular with a rounded surface. The face is considerably battered, the
features being hardly distinguishable ; but the lines of the face generally
are similar to those of No. 1, Plate XXX. The ears apparently have been
carved in the manner of those in IS^os. 3, 4, and 5 of Plate XXIX. A
line is shown over the forehead, probably indicating a head-band.

A small head not illustrated (~) is 4^ inches (11.4 cm.) high. It

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 55

is possibly part of a figure ; but there is now a cupped depression in the
neck, which possibly was carved after the head was broken off. The nose
and chin are battered ; but the forehead is well brought out, and is more
prominent than in any other of the stone heads from Manabi. The ears
are of the same type as in group ^os. 3, 4, and 5 of Plate XXIX. The
whole head is covered by a cap, the line of which is clearly indicated over
the forehead, down around each side of the face, in front of the ears,
and around the lower part of the back of the head. The carving resembles
quite closely some of the similar clay heads and parts of human figures
from the same region.

A fragment of a stone head not illustrated {^q) is 3^ inches (8.9
cm.) high. It is probably part of a human figure. The upper part of the
head at the forehead is missing, and only a very small part of the neck
is shown below the chin ; the nose is large and aquiline ; the eyes are well
brought out; the cheek-bones are prominent; and the mouth is shown to be
somewhat prognathic. Traces of a head-band are shown on the lower
part of each side of the forehead. In its approach to a genuine portrait
of the ancient people, the workmanship in this specimen is superior to
that of any other of the stone heads.

No. 4, Plate XXX, and Pig. 2, are the only two sculptures of women
in this collection. IS^o. 4 is an extraordinary sculpture 14^ inches
(36.8 cm.) high, and having an extreme width at the base of 12^ inches
(31.8 cm.). It represents a seated woman entirely nude. The back is
without any carving. The base is broad. The arrangement of the arms
and legs is very peculiar, the feet being represented close to the hips, and
the hands bent around and placed over the back of the shoulders. Each
thumb is nearly twice the length of the fingers, which apparently are
represented as closed, the thumb being curved around over the shoulder.
The upper part of the face is missing. The mouth is represented by a
deep cut. There are three lines curving down on either side of the face
from the nose to the edge of the chin, and curved lines are represented in
front of what are apparently the ears. The base of the figure is also
carved. The illustration shows the peculiar features of this sculpture
better than any description.

Pig. 2 is a very crude attempt at the representation of a woman. It
is 94 inches (23.5 cm.) high. The head is thrown back; the face is flat;

56

Contributions to South American Archeology

the eyes are mucli disintegrated ; the mouth is shoAvn with double rows of
teeth ; and the neck is represented by a deep groove going entirely around
the sculpture. On top of the head
are two parallel lines running
from the forehead to the back.
The arms and hands are crude.

AOTMAL riGUKES. On
Plate XXXI is a large, rudely
carved animal figure 29^ inches
(75 cm.) high. It is probably a
puma resting on its haunches.
The fore paws project from the
body above the knees ; the head is
thrown slightly back. Although
the stone is quite disintegrated,
the lines of the face are well
preserved at the present time.
This is the largest sculpture, with
the exception of the seats, which
has been found in the province,
according to the statements made
by the people of Monte Oristi,
who were astonished when this
large carving was brought into
the town by some of the natives,
who found it in the Oerro de
Hojas.

:N^os. 1 and 2 of Plate XXXII
represent the front and side of
one of the most interesting pieces
from this region. It is an animal
7 inches (17.8 cm.) high, probably a puma (recalling the animal figures of
the seats), resting on an oval pedestal. The head is raised higher than the
body; the tail is curled around the right hind leg; the fore feet are in front
of the body ; and serrated teeth are shown in the large, prominent mouth.

Fig. 2.

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador

57

Eig. 3 is a small carving of sandstone, probably representing a lizard.
It is 4| inches (12.3 cm.) long.

Fig. 3.

OOLUM:Nr 0¥ AOTMAL'S back. We now come to another class
of sculptures. Suarez has given a very poor illustration of two examples
of this type, which he describes as having the form of a quadrangular
truncated pyramid without any adornment on the sides, but with figures
in relief, representing animals or human bodies, near the base. In the
collection brought together there are no examples of these more conven-
tional forms of this class ; but Kos. 3 and 4 of Plate XXXII are the front
and side of a sculpture worthy of careful examination, and of consideration
in connection with the problem of the stone seats. It may be divided into
three parts. The lower section is a crouching quadruped, probably a puma.
The dimensions are : Extreme height of sculpture, 17^ inches (43.5 cm.) ;
height of animal figure, 7 inches (17.8 cm.) ; average height of column on
back of figure, 7f inches (19.3 cm.) ; height of bowl on top of column,
7| inches (19.7 cm.); height of pedestal, 1^ inches (3.8 cm.). The head is
out of proportion to the body, and raised at an angle over the shoulders;
the back of the figure is plain, and does not show the separation of the legs ;
on each side, the body and hind legs are conventionally shown. This
figure resembles ^N'os. 1 and 2 of Plate XXXII ; and the head resembles

58 Contributions to South American Archeology

that of tlie large sculpture on Plate XXXI, and also, in a general way, the
animal figures in one of the groups of stone seats. Resting on the back of
this figure is a short column, flattened on the sides an inch away from the
back of the head ; and there is a slight rounded ridge connecting the same.
This forms a supjjort for a bowl or receptacle, which is not, however,
placed directly oyer the centre of the column, but forward, towards the
head of the figure. The upper part of the receptacle has a rim, and the
interior shows a blackened, burned surface. This is unquestionably an
incense-burner, undoubtedly associated in some way with the ceremonial
use of the stone seats. Several other sculptures of this class were seen in
Manabi, but all too much broken to be of any use in the collection.

Nos. 5 and 6, Plate XXXII, of the same class, represent a massive
quadrangular block with an animal head carved on the top, near the front.
Its dimensions are: Extreme height of pedestal, 6 inches (15.2 cm.) ; height
of head, 4| inches (12.3 cm.) ; height of column, 4f inches (11.7 cm.).
The sides and front of this block are conventionally carved to represent
the legs ; the back of the block is rough and plain. Back of the head,
and joined to it, is a broken column. The upper part of the probable
receptacle is missing.

^os. 7 and 8, Plate XXXII, of the same group, represent a very
much disintegrated, massive quadrangular block. The average height of
the pedestal is 4^ inches (10.8 cm.) ; height of animal figure, 3| inches
(8.3 cm.). On the sides, the body and legs are shown, and also on the
front ; but the back is plain. The head is on the upper part, near the
front edge, and back of it is attached a ball-like body, which, however,
cannot be the body of the animal, but rests on its back. In this sculpture
the top of the head has a cup-like depression, which probably takes the
place of the bowl which is on the top of the column of No. 3, Plate
XXXII. It is possible, however, that this ball-like body is the base of
a column, which, after it was accidentally broken off, was rudely carved
in this shape, and, in order that the stone might be used for ceremonial
purposes, the cupped depression was cut out on the top of the head to
serve for an incense-burner.

A:^riMAL O^ C0LUM:N^. Kos. l and 2, Plate XXXIII, represent
a sculpture which may be divided into three parts. The base is a mas-

\

SaviTle: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 59

sive, concaved cylinder npon wbicli rests a crouching figure too much
disintegrated for one to state with certainty whether it is human or
animal. The probabilities are, that it is animal on account of the
presence on the back of two gi'ooves, between which is a raised ridge,
probably the tail. The head is like the puma heads of the seats. On the
back of the figure are the remains of a smaller cylindrical column broken
off quite close to the base. Probably the missing part of the column was
surmounted by a vessel to serve the purpose of an incense-burner, although
there is again the possibility that simply the base of a column was
represented on the back of this figure, and that an incense-burner or
ceremonial vessel of clay was placed directly on this upper surface.
Height of entire sculpture, 18 inches (45.7 cm.) ; height of animal figure,
5f inches (13.7 cm.) ; height of pedestal, 8^ inches (21.6 cm.) ; height of
column on back of animal. If inches (4.4 cm.). From Oerro de Hojas.
The sculpture just described seems to be transitional between the group
of sculptures illustrated on Plate XXXII and the next group, which is of
columns.

COLUMNS. :N^os. 3 and 4 of Plate XXXII are the only two deco-
rated columns, out of several hundred, which were seen in Manabi. No. 3
is an hourglass-shaped column with a simple capital on the top ; below, on
one face of the cylinder, is a design which is given in Pig. 4. It reminds
us strongly of the conventional face of the animal on the bas-reliefs
shown on Plates XXXYIII and XXXIX, which will be described later
on. It is an inverted U, from the inside of which projects downward
a band terminating in a sphere. This outer, U-shaped band probably
represents the outer part of the head, while the other part of the design is
the nose ; the eyes not being represented. In Pig. 5 is a carved column
from the Nicoya peninsula, Oosta Rica. It is one of a number which
have been found there, and is of very great interest in connection with the
columns of Manabi. To our knowledge these Oosta Rican columns are
the nearest approach to the Manabi specimens of any yet found in ancient
America. Plain cylindrical columns have been found in the Mayan ruins
of Honduras and Yucatan. They have also been found in Vera Oruz and
Ohiapas, but none of the carved type are known to the writer. When
we consider the comparatively short distance between Kicoya and Manabi,

60

Contributions to South American Archeology

the significance of these somewhat analogous columns becomes apparent.
The dimensions are as follows : Height of column, 16| inches (42.5 cm.) ;
diameter of the top, 8f inches (22.2 cm.) ; diameter of the base, 8 inches
(20.3 cm.). Erom Oerro de Hojas.

Ko. 4, Plate XXXIII, is a square
column, the diameter of the base being
slightly smaller than that of the upper
part. From the base upward, the di-
ameter decreases towards the top, which
is surrounded by a plain, square capital.

Fig. 4.

Fig

,.v*W^. ¥^&1N^

corresponding, in a way, to the upper part of the columns just described,
with the exception that there are two bands, instead of three, below the
upper section. The dimensions are as follows : Height of column, 17 inches
(43.2 cm.) ; diameter at the base, 6 inches (15.2 cm.) ; diameter at the top,
7 inches (17.8 cm.). From Oerro de Hojas.

N^os. 1, 2, 3, and 4 of Plate XXXIY, are cylindrical columns with
sides somewhat resembling an hourglass, varying in height from 22^
inches (56.2 cm.) to 13^ inches (33.3 cm.), and having an average diameter
of 7^ inches (19 cm.). There are hundreds of these columns to be found
scattered throughout the ruins on the Oerro de Hojas and Oerro
Jaboncillo.

No. 5, Plate XXXIY, is a short cylindrical column. The dimensions
are: Height, 7f inches (18.7 cm.); diameter at the base, 7 inches (17.8 cm.);
diameter at the top, 5| inches (14.6 cm.). The diameter at the base is
slightly larger than at the top. A careful search was made in the ruins

Saville : Antiquities of Mandbi, Ecuador 61

to see if these columns were for architectural purposes, and used in con-
nection with the walls of the houses. From a careful examination of the
ruins as they are seen to-day, we may affirm with certainty that they
were never used as parts of the buildings: possibly, excavations may
reveal their exact use. We may, however, surmise, bearing in mind the
crouching animal on the concaved column (!N^os. 1 and 2, Plate XXXIII),
that they were used as supports for the statues or idols and animal
figures ; or they may have served as pedestals for pottery incense-burners.
In the Oerro de Hojas and other hills, excavations will undoubtedly throw
much light on the use of these sculptures and columns.

QUADEA:N^GULAR sculptures, in the church at Picoaza is
an interesting sculpture which has been described and figured by Suarez.
His illustrations do not adequately show the carvings on the four sides
of this interesting stone, which is now in the church of Picoaza, serving as
a fountain for holy water. It is a quadrangular block with a rectangular
basin on the top. It is about 22^ inches (56.5 cm.) high, 13 inches (33 cm.)
wide at the top, and 13| inches (35.2 cm.) wide at the base. It weighs
about two hundred pounds. This stone was found in Oerro de Hojas, and
is one of several sculptures of this class which have been found in the
hills. It is carved in relief on all four sides. On one side is a standing,
nude human figure with a long nose, and arms outspread, bent at the
elbows. At the back of the human figure, near the base, is a small animal
resembling a dog ; in front is a conventionalized animal. Around the rim
at the top is a decorated band which does not go entirely around the stone,
but reappears on the opposite face of the stone, upon which, below, is
another erect nude figure with the same long nose. On the third side
is an iguana; and on the fourth, a seated human figure, entirely nude,
which resembles, in a way, the figures on the bas-reliefs which will
now be described.

BAS-EELIEPS. The last group of stone carvings, which are
perhaps more interesting than even the stone seats, are fragments of bas-
reliefs, of which a number have been brought together in this collection.
They are all from Oerro Jaboncillo. "We know of but one example of
the Manabi bas-reliefs which has been described at the present time:

62

Contributions to South American Archeology

this is now in the Museum of the Trocadero in Paris.^ The illustration
given by Hamy shows that the sculpture is probably complete (see Tig. 6).
In this collection we have five portions of somewhat similar bas-reliefs,
but there is in each considerable variation in the style of carving and in

Fig. 6.

the designs which are placed on the upper part enframing the head. They
are broader at the top than at the base.

No. 1, Plate XXXY, is a fragment of the largest bas-relief secured
in Manabi. It is 21^ inches (54,6 cm.) wide, and has an average thickness
of 2| inches (6.3 cm.). It was found, with the reverse used as a grinding-
stone, in a house in Picoaza. The native who owned it found it in the
Oerro Jaboncillo while hunting for metates. It was complete and perfect
when he excavated it, and, on account of its size, he broke it, and selected
a piece a little larger than a metate, which he could use for that purpose.
He stated that the other pieces were still in the mountain, and that he
could find them ; but, as we had but two days to remain in Manabi before
continuing our journey from Guayaquil to the interior, we were not able
to obtain the other pieces. Probably in the future it will be possible to
secure and bring together the remaining parts of this most interesting
sculpture. On the upper part of the slab is carved a series of geometric
figures in which the head is enframed : there is one motif (Pig. 7) which

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador

63

is repeated six times with practically no variation. On the sides around
these designs are three lines ; the central line, below the geometric pat-
terns and above the human head, is replaced by dots, as in the Trocadero
specimen. The figure shows a hood-like covering of the head. The nose

Fig. 8.

is prominent and aquiline ; a four-strand necklace is around the neck ; the
body is flat and angular, forming a straight line from shoulder to shoulder,
and a line on the right side of the body at right angles with the shoulder.
The arms are angular and bent, and the right hand shows the fingers
clinched, holding some object which cannot be determined from the frag-
ment which remains; but it is probably a bag or pouch similar to that seen
in the Trocadero specimen. The design or motif in the enframing band is
found with but little variation in !No. 2 of the same plate. The upper part
recalls the seat part of the stone seats, resting on a terraced support ; and
in 1^0. 1 practically the same design is found, having on either side single
angular designs, perhaps representing the same thing (seat). Between the
spreading " arms " in each bas-relief are two dots or eyes, and this feature
strongly suggests a conventionalized face such as is seen in the copper
discs and on bas-reliefs on Plates XXXYIII and XXXIX. The lower
part of the bas-relief, including the left arm, is missing.

No. 2, Plate XXXY, as before noted, is a bas-relief of almost the
same type as ISo. 1. It is 19 inches (48.3 cm.) wide, and 2^ inches (6.3 cm.)
thick. The carving is not as well executed, and the lines are not as sharp.

64 Contributions to South American Archeology

as in the other slab. Practically the same motif (I'ig. 8) is seen repeated
six times above the figure, with the exception that, whereas in Ko. 1 the
lower motif on each side of the head is placed on its side, in No. 2 all of
the motifs are vertically arranged. The treatment of the human figure is
not as angular as in the other specimen ; the lines of the shoulders, elbows,
and hands, being rounded. Practically the same part of the bas-relief is
missing as in the other specimen. Below and slightly in front of the right
arm, which is partially opened with the clinched hand under the line
which runs above the figure, is an animal, apparently a monkey, as the
tail is coiled on the back, almost touching the elbow of the human figure.
The features of the face appear somewhat different from the face in ^o. 1.
It is impossible to state with certainty whether these are standing figures,
or whether they are seated, as in the other two sculptures about to be
described. If these fragments of bas-reliefs are of the same type as the
Trocadero specimen, as they appear to be, they are probably standing
figures. Notwithstanding the assumption of Hamy, that the figure repre-
sented in the Trocadero bas-relief is a male, we should be more inclined
to consider it a female, judging from the fragments in this collection.
There are two horizontal lines cut on the abdomen of the Paris specimen,
which appear in Nos. 1 and 2 of Plate XXXVI, which are female figures.
These lines are not seen in the statues which have already been described,
and their presence appears to be a good indication that, in all of these bas-
reliefs where the human figure is represented, it is that of a female: on the
other hand, we must admit that, in the three analogous reliefs, the hanging
breast is not seen, as found on No. 2, Plate XXXYI, and the seated human
figure No. 4, Plate XXX. We must also consider the garment (which is
called a girdle by Hamy) which surrounds the waist and hangs dovni
between the legs in the Trocadero relief. The two female bas-reliefs and
the female figure do not show any traces of garments, the figures being
absolutely nude : this point argues in favor of the assumption of Hamy,
that the figure is a male. Until we get more material of this class from
Manabi, it will be unsafe to try to reach exact conclusions concerning the
sex of the three analogous bas-reliefs.

No. 1, Plate XXXYI, is part of a slab which has an incomplete
female figure seated, with the legs outspread and bent, with the heels near
the thighs. It has an extreme width of 20J inches (52.1 cm.), and an

Saville : Antiquities of 3Ianahi, Ecuador 65

average thickness of 2^ inclies (6.3cm.). The elbows rest on the knees;
the left lower leg is missing; under the right thigh is represented some-
thing which appears to be separated from the body, but, as the other side
is missing, it is impossible to determine just what is represented. The
j&gure is in relief against the background set in from the border, which
surrounds the figure on each side and above the head. This border is very
much weathered, but there appears to be a series of conventionalized faces,
and in the centre of the upper band is apparently a seated figure. The
female figure is very well carved. There is a head-band over the forehead;
the ear is large and distended, possibly an ear-ornament is represented ;
the nose is aquiline, but not excessively prominent; the openings of the
eyes are shown by horizontal lines, which give the appearance of closed
eyes; and the mouth, by a long horizontal line. A two-strand necklace
is around the neck. The hands are carved in a very peculiar manner, out
of proportion to the body, and do not appear like human hands, although
five fingers are represented ; what appears to be the thumb is carved like a
hook, and on the back of the hand is an oval incision. Altogether they
appear more like birds' heads than human hands ; this is especially seen
in the left hand.

Ifo. 2, Plate XXXYI, is a thick bas-relief which shows a serrated
enframing band surrounding the head and the upper part of the slab,
which is decorated with terraced geometric patterns. It is 13^ inches
(33.7 cm.) wide, and has an average thickness of 3| inches (8.6 cm.). The
bottom of the slab is broken off just below the figure. This bas-relief is
smaller than any of the others. The human figure, a female, is complete,
and is seated, with the knees bent up towards the body and the heels close
to the thighs. In this fragment and in Ko. 1 of the same plate, the
treatment of the feet is similar to that of the Trocadero slab, which is
characterized by enormous heels, somewhat separated from the rest of the
foot, forming a ball. The arms in the figure are bent, with the hands
upward at a level with the shoulders ; and the fingers are shown closed.
The treatment of the body generally is angular. There is a deep incision
entirely across the abdomen, which, as represented in the carving, almost
separates the upper and lower extremities. The breasts are well defined,
and the neck is much more prominent and elongated than in any other
figures or bas-reliefs from Manabi. The features of the face are rather

66 Contributions to South American Archeology

battered. The top of tlie liead has a hood-like covering. On either side of
the figure, opposite the elbows, is a large disc.

On Plate XXXYII are six fragments of bas-reliefs. ]N"o. 2 is a
fragment showing a human face. It has a prominent nose, which unfortu-
nately is broken, prominent cheek-bones, and a straight horizontal incision
for the mouth. The angular treatment of the figure is shown in the neck
and shoulders and the clinched left hand, which is raised on a level with
the shoulder. An enframing design is seen on the left side, with a large
grecque above and a smaller grecque below. It belongs to the same type
of sculptures as those just described. I^o. 5 is a fragment of the upper
left-hand corner of another bas-relief, showing an enframing design with
geometric patterns; and just a portion of the left side of the face is seen
below, as Avell as what is apparently a clinched hand on a level with the
shoulder. iJiTos. 1, 4, and 6 are three fragments of a bas-relief : the largest
piece (^o. 6) is apparently the upper left-hand side, while the two smaller
pieces evidently are parts of the lower section of the same. This largest
piece shows a band with terraced geometric patterns and small discs
enframing a flat disc resting in a crescent. On the large disc on either
side is a vertical line. From this fragment it is impossible to determine
whether a human figure was carved below this flattened disc and crescent.
The other two fragments appear to be parts of the lower section of this
same bas-relief, as the same designs appear which are found in the band
in the largest piece. Xo. 3 is a small section of a thick bas-relief, but
whether the top or the bottom it is impossible to state. Two birds are
seen facing a triangular design with a dot in the centre; below this is
a wide groove above a serrated design.

On Plates XXXYIII and XXXIX are illustrated the two most
interesting bas-reliefs found in Ecuador. They were in fragmentary
condition, and appear to represent a species of conventionalized animal,
perhaps a lizard, or possibly an alligator.

Plate XXXYIII was in eight fragments, and the pieces brought
together give all of the essential features of the carving. The body of the
animal is diamond-shaped. In the centre of the back there is a series of
connecting triangles representing the vertebrae, on each side of which is
a series of nine dots sej)arated from the central design by a band. The
rear extremity of the body resembles that of the female figure, ^o. 2,

Saville: Antiquities of Manal)i, Ecuador 67

Plate XXXYI. The forearms are angular, and end in a series of curved,
ribbon-like appendages, and tliis is also found on the ends of the rear part
of tbe body. Tbe head is attached to the body by a band which connects
with the top of the head, which in the illustration will appear to be
upside down ; this would be the natural position of the head in swimming,
if the illustration were reyersed. Attention has already been called to the
main features of the head in describing the design on the column Ko. 3,
Plate XXXIII, which is also illustrated in Pig. 4. Surrounding the head
is a series of tentacles. The lizard does not have the tentacles, this
being a feature of the octopus; and this, joined with the lizard-like body
and the rear extremities (resembling those of the female figures), results
in a composite creature which might better be described as a mythical
monster. Between the two tentacles which reach out from the lower
part of the face is a bat with outspread wings, on the upper part of
which, on each side, may be seen a hook. The head is in profile with
a "leaf" nose. On each side of the head of the monster, between ten-
tacles, are two moderate-sized discs. The bas-relief is 31 inches (78.7 cm.)
high, 17f inches (44.8 cm.) wide, and 2^ inches (5.7 cm.) thick.

Plate XXXIX represents the other bas-relief of a mythical monster.
A greater part of the middle of the sculpture is missing, but in a general
way the treatment of this sculpture is much more geometric and angular
than that on the preceding plate. The vertebras are represented on the
upper part of the back. The treatment of the rear extremities is similar to
that in the other sculpture, with the exception of the ribbon-like append-
ages and the separation of the thighs by a tail extending from the diamond-
shaped body, and partly curved around the right thigh. The head of the
animal is different from the other, but the salient features are brought out
in the face. At the lower part of the head are six tentacles; the two
nearest the face are grecques ; the two on each corner end in spirals; while
the two at the base of the face are represented in the same manner as in
the bas-reliefs on Plate XXXYIII. Between them is a large circular
disc. On each side of the sculpture are terraced designs. It is 26^ inches
(67.3 cm.) high, 17 inches (43.2 cm.) wide, and 1| inches (4.4 cm.) thick.

RESO:t;rANT ST0:N'E. Suarez states, that "in Picoaza there was
preserved, until a little while ago, a bell of the aborigines of that locality.

68 Contributions to South American Archeology

It was a stone slab of black slate, a metre (little more or less) in height,
and some centimetres wide. When this stone was suspended from one of
its ends, the striking of it with another stone or with the hand produced
a metallic and pleasant sound, which vibrated like that of a bell." We
failed to find any traces of this stone. It is probably being used as a
metate in one of the houses in the village.

METATES. The metate or mealing-stone is found in many of the
ruins. So far as we observed, the people to-day have no other hand-mills
than those which they obtain from the ancient habitation-sites on the hills.
The search for these stones resulted in bringing to light many small sculp-
tures which were in their possession, and made it possible for us to collect
the stone figures and bas-reliefs we have just described. The metates of
Manabi are thin, slightly curved slabs of gritty sandstone, without legs or
supports. Three examples are illustrated in ]^os. 1, 2, and 3 of Plate XL.
i^o. 1 has an average length of 19^ inches (49.5 cm.), a width of
12^ inches (31.8 cm.), and a thickness of 1^ inches (3.8 cm.). No. 2 is
16| inches (42.5 cm.) in length, 10^ inches (26.7 cm.) in width, and 1^
inches (2.9 cm.) in thickness. ]^o. 3 is 18| inches (47.3 cm.) long, 11^
inches (28.6 cm.) wide, and 2 inches (5.1 cm.) thick. These specimens
are typical of all the metates from this region. Those from Esmeraldas
and Colombia are of a different type.

Characteristic hand-stones for the metates, of two kinds, are shown
in Nos. 4 and 5 of Plate XL. !N^o. 4 of the same plate is 10| inches
(27 cm.) long, and is of a massive dark-brown stone. INo. 5, which is
13 inches (33 cm.) long, is made of the same stone as are the metates, and
the wearing-down of the stone is shown in the swellings at each end. It
is slender, and is the usual form of hand-stone, many fragments being
noticed in the ruins of Manta and on Cerro de Hojas. No. 6 is a
small porphyritic stone somewhat resembling a broken hand-stone; but
on the upper surface, which is shown in the illustration, there is a pitted
depression. The under surface shows that it has been used as a grinding-
stone. No. 7 is a typical hammer-stone of chalcedony, and from its type
it might have been found at almost any place in western America. A
hammer-stone of light-brown chert was obtained, but it is not illustrated.
Hammer-stones are relatively common around the ruins in Manabi.

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 69

Stone axes or celts were not found in the region under consideration,
althougli diligent search was made for them ; nor are chipped stone imple-
ments (such as arrow and spear heads, knives, and scrapers) represented in
the collection. This is a most unusual feature of the archeology of any
well-defined culture-area. Implements of this class must have been used
by the ancient people, and the fact that we were unable to find them
would seem to indicate their relative scarcity in former times. In the
interior of Ecuador, almost every type of axe is found, and several of
the forms are unknown elsewhere.

EMERALDS. All ancient historians relate that the Spaniards,
when they first entered the province of Manabi, received a large number
of emeralds from the inhabitants of the country. As has been stated
before, the Indians of Manta worshipped a large emerald, which they
called Umina; and the offerings to this deity were preferably small
emeralds, which were called the children of the deity. We learn from
Acosta, that the emeralds of this region were superior in beauty, size, and
hardness to those of IS^ew Granada ; and from Garcilasso de la Yega, that
Alvarado and his companions obtained many, but that the Indians
concealed the large emerald, and it was never found. Herrera relates
that, at a town called Passao, Pizarro was presented with an emerald as
large as a pigeon's q^^. The insignia of the kings of Wuito were reputed
to be emeralds; and UUoa asserts that emeralds have been found in
the tombs of Manta and Atacames. Diligent search was made by the
Spanish conquerors to discover the mine or mines whence the Indians of
Manabi obtained this precious stone, but without success. There can be
no doubt that in this region many emeralds were in the possession of the
inhabitants, but we know of no emeralds having been found in modern
times in this part of Ecuador. In the province of Esmeraldas, where the
natives have long been active in exploring ancient habitation-sites for
gold, but few emeralds have been reported. This region actually takes its
name from the gem.

Wolf believes that the emeralds found in Manabi came from the
mines of Colombia, where they are still mined to-day. He remarks that
" the Spanish conquerors, who found many emeralds in Manabi, supposed
that they were the product of the same region; and, when hunting for

70 Contributions to South American Archeology

tlieir origin, the Indians indicated a country more to the north, Colombia.
Perhaps the Spaniards mistakenly understood the nearer province, which
they called Esmeraldas, a name which has remained until now, although
experience has not confirmed this supposition." Wolf further states,
that " there does not exist a single formation or rock which might
contain mines of emeralds in this region ; the only possibility being
that we might find these stones, as we find gold, loosely in the ground,
brought from a distance from other formations. In the first place, the
rivers of the region do not pass, or in their upper waters cross, formations
which we might consider as a place where emeralds might be found;
and, secondly, we do not find a single emerald in the loess or in the
placer- workings of gold." We are informed, however, notwithstanding
the assertion of WoK, that the geological formation of Manabi does not
preclude the finding of emeralds in that region. Although emeralds have
been rarely found in Esmeraldas, there seems to be no reason why they
should not occur in Manabi.

We have already called attention to the fact that the geology of
this region has not been studied. So far as archeological evidence is
concerned, we know of no instance of worked emeralds having been
found in the ancient graves or tombs of Manabi ; but this does not add
weight to the theory of their non-existence in the province. Un-
doubtedly, when careful archeological excavations are made, they will
be discovered in the graves. Belief in the tradition of the large
emerald which was worshipped at Manta is still general among the
natives. Detailed accounts of the early writers regarding this subject
will be found in the various relations in the Notes at the end of this
monograph.

GOLD, SILYEE, A:N^D OOPPEE. Gold and silver were com-
monly used for ornaments, and the Spanish conquerors secured large
quantities of these precious metals. Oieza de Leon relates that Pedro
de Alvarado found many vases full of gold, silver, and precious stones,
besides a great quantity of emeralds, in a village which was probably
near the site of the present town of Bahia de Oaraques. Zarate says
that the natives wore jewels of gold and silver in their noses and ears,
and also had strings of gold, silver, and turquoise beads, wound around

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 71

tlieir legs and arms, but tliat tlie gold was of a low grade. It was
believed by tlie Spaniards tliat tbere were rich deposits of gold in the
southern part of the province, but they were never able to discover the
mines. TTe were unable, during our visit to Ecuador, to learn of any
ancient gold objects being found at present in Manabi. The only speci-
mens of metal which we secured were of copper, although no mention
of the use of copper or bronze is made by the early chroniclers.

A single axe — ISo. 1, Plate XLII — was obtained in the village of
Papagallo, and is said to have been found in Oerro Jaboncillo. It is
3f inches (8.6 cm.) long, 2^ inches (5.4 cm.) broad at the cutting-edge,
and \ of an inch (0.6 cm.) at the thickest part. There are ridges
along the edges on both sides, and the cutting-edge has been ground
sharp with a gritstone, as sho^vn by numerous striated lines ; this sharp-
ness does not appear to be ancient. The form of the axe is not of
the usual South American type, and is comparatively rare in western
South America. It resembles quite closely the Mexican and Central
American copper axes. Three bells from Oerro de Hojas are illustrated
(natural size) in ifos. 2, 3, and 4 of Plate XLII. They were not
suspended from loops at the top, but by a cord which was inserted through
the two holes in the upper part. Ko. 4 still contains a small stone pellet
for producing the tinkling sound. As in all bells of this class, there is
a slit on the under side; but the slits in the Manabi bells extend around
two-thirds of the circumference. IS'early all small copper bells from other
sections of ancient America have the loop for suspension.

Metal discs worn as breast-ornaments were common, in pre-
columbian times, from Florida to Argentine. They are often called
masks of shields ; but numerous old illustrations show their use as
ornaments, suspended from the neck, and hanging over the breast.
Ambrosetti illustrates a mummy from the Oalchaqui country in Argen-
tine, with a copper disc on the chest; and a number of gold discs have
been found in various tombs in Mexico, in place, on the breast of the
skeleton. The greater number of metal discs are but slightly embossed,
the decoration being but little raised, and they are generally of about
the same diameter. The Ecuador specimens are nearly all of the same
general type, and are characterized by an embossed face in the centre,
varying from ^ of an inch (1.3 cm.) to 2 inches (5.1 cm.) in height.

72 Contributions to South American Archeology

The greater number of Ecuadorian discs are of copper. A disc of
gold from Cuenca lias been figured and described by Bollaert. In the
Museum of the University of Quito are six gold discs from Angel, in
the province of Carchi. Discs have been found in the various culture-
areas throughout Ecuador ; but the three copper ones from Manabi, about
to be described, are the most massive of any of the objects of this class
which we have seen. They were found, together with several others, in
a cache in Manantial, and are illustrated on Plate XLI. Ko. 1 is the
largest. It is 11^ inches (30.2 cm.) in diameter, and the head is raised
1| inches (4.4 cm.). Above the head are two perforations for suspension,
and another perforation is on the line of the lower part of the mouth.
The head unquestionably represents either a tiger or a puma, and may be
compared with some of the animal heads on the seats. The disc has an
average thickness of ^ of an inch (0.3 cm.). 'No. 2 is slightly smaller,
and is not a perfect disc, being 10^ inches (26 cm.) high, and 9| inches
(25.1 cm.) wide. The animal head has an extreme projection of If inches
(4.4 cm.), and, as in the other specimen, there are two perforations above
the head for suspension, and one in the mouth. The features of the
puma-like face are better seen in this specimen than in the preceding
one; and the mouth, as will be noted in the illustration, is carried around
the entire lower part of the face. The thickness of the disc is slightly
less than ^ of an inch (0.3 cm.). ]!^o. 3 is the smallest and most massive
of any of the discs known from Ecuador. It has an average diameter of
8^ inches (22.5 cm.). The face has a projection of 1^ inches (3.8 cm.),
and there are two perforations above the head for suspension, and two
in the mouth. The rim of the disc, on both sides, is raised, and gives an
average thickness of nearly i of an inch (0.6 cm.). The treatment of the
face is somewhat different from that of the other two specimens. There
appear to be bossed designs on the forehead. In studying the animal
heads of these three discs, attention is called to a somewhat similar treat-
ment of the nose and eyes on the bas-reliefs illustrated on Plates
XXXYIII and XXXIX, and also to the design on the column, No. 3,
Plate XXXIII. It may be remarked here, that these specimens may also
have served as gongs ; for, when struck with the hand or a hard substance,
they remind us strongly of the sounds produced by the bronze gongs used
in the Philippine Islands, giving a clear, resonant, metallic sound. We

Saville: Antiquities of ManaM, Ecuador 73

are inclined strongly to the belief that these Manabi discs were nsed for
that purpose, and that the holes in the mouth were for holding feathers
or some object for decoration.

CERAMICS. Of the ceramic art of the province of Manabi we
can say but little until excaTations are made in the ancient tombs.
According to reports of the burial-customs of the ancient people of the
coast provinces of Ecuador, it appears that urn burial was the customary
method of interring the dead. As before stated, in the ruins of Manta
great quantities of potsherds of a red ware are scattered over the ground.
These fragments are thick and massive, showing that they are the remains
of large urns; and they are especially numerous in the vicinity of the
present Manta cemetery. It is common report in Manta, that this was
the location of the ancient temple: at all events, we were told that the
remains of many large jars were found while grading for the cemetery,
and that they were thrown out. Great heaps of them are still to be seen
near the western side of the burial enclosure. Bearing in mind the fact of
urn burial, it seems probable that this place, in ancient times, was also
used as a burial-place. Tradition states that the burials were made in
deep holes excavated in the earth, which renders the accid.ental finding
of pottery vessels very uncertain. The greater number of pottery objects
are found in regions where the burials were rather near the surface, and
they are brought to light by the plough and the frequent washouts which
occur during the rainy season : thus, without excavating, we should expect
to find, in a region where deep burials were made, but few pottery vessels.
Of the smaller objects of pottery, many specimens have been found,
especially in the ruins of Manta, and near the base and on the slopes of
the Cerro de Hojas. These include small figures of both human and
animal form, and heads of the same, whistles, heads which may belong
either to figures or to whistles, innumerable spindle-whorls (nearly all of
which bear interesting incised decorations), stamps, moulds, and fragments
of vessels. Suarez has illustrated and described a few small figures,
heads, and whistles from Manabi. These are the only specimens of this
class which have been published, with the exception of a single head
figured by Seler.

74 Contributions to South American Archeology

POTTEEY YESSELS. Erom Manabi we know but four examples
of pottery vessels, all of them of small size. Seler figures two pieces of
pottery from Manabi, — one, a head of a figure or whistle, like the general
type of heads found throughout the province ; the other, a vessel resting
on an annular stand (^o. 5, Plate XLII). It is quite similar to ISo. 6
of the same plate, obtained in Monte Oristi. This vase lacks the raised
rim around the lower part of the neck, which is a feature of the Berlin
specimen. It is of a dark-gray color, resembling strongly the ware of
Oaxaca, 4J inches (11.4 cm.) high ; and the rim of the orifice is 3| inches
(8.3 cm.) in diameter. Only two other complete examples of pottery
vessels were secured in Manabi. No. 7 is a small vessel of heavy brown
ware in the shape of a double water-gourd, — a form common in the
ancient ceramics of i^orth and South America. It was found in the
vicinity of Porto Yiejo. The walls are massive, and the base is slightly
concaved. It is smaller, however, than most of the vessels of this form,
being only 3| inches (8.9 cm.) in height. The other specimen, from
Monte Cristi (shown in 'No. 8), is likewise massive and of a brownish
black, showing traces of disintegration on the upper surface. This piece
is of a form generally found in various parts of ancient America, being
especially numerous in Oaxaca and southern Central America. It is
commonly called a " shoe form," but unquestionably it is derived from
the body of an aquatic bird, often the duck. The rim is quite circular ;
and below, surrounding the opening, is a decoration of incised lines, and
nodes with a single vertical incised line, worked out with a blunt instru-
ment. The length is 5^ inches (13 cm.), and the height, 3^ inches
(8.9 cm.). A large fragment from Manta is part of an interesting vessel.
The ware is of a brownish color with rather thin walls. The lower part
of this olla is undecorated, and presents the natural surface of the clay.
The upper part has been painted red, and highly polished. The neck,
which is decorated with a human face similar in technique to the faces
on the Riobamba vessels in the interior of Ecuador, is without paint,
with the exception of the under part of the chin and the upper part of
the head, over the forehead and well down over the ears. The inner
surface of the rim is also painted red, and polished. On the polished
red surface, which covers the greater part of the almost spherical vessel,
is the incised design shown in Eig. 9. It reminds us strongly of somewhat

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador

75

analogous designs on the Mayan ware of Central America. In the
general shape of the vessel, however, there is again a striking resemblance
to the Riobamba pottery of the interior. No. 5 of Plate LIY is a

Fig. 9.

fragment of a small ladle-like vessel of dark slate-colored clay. It is
about 3| inches (8.9 cm.) in length. The handle is short, and terminates
with a clinched fist. Similar ladles, but of a different clay and technique
and of various sizes, are found abundantly in Costa Rica. In Mexico,
objects of this class are, as a rule, very much larger in size ; and they
were employed as incense-burners. Undoubtedly this fragment was used
for the same purpose. In the interior of Ecuador we have not seen any
specimens of a like character.

MOULDS. But a single example of pottery moulds was found in
Manabi, and it is figured in ISo. 9, Plate XLII, with a cast from mould
ISo. 10 of the same plate. It is from Bahia de Caraques ; and the cast
shows a puma-like figure with the head, shoulders, chest, and fore legs.
It is of considerable interest, inasmuch as it is the only specimen we
have from this locality, and the treatment of the figure is quite similar
to that of some of the animal figures in the seats. Both the mould and
cast are of natural size in the illustration. The mould has an extreme
thickness of 1 inch (2.5 cm.). It was perhaps used in making the front
of pottery whistles.

76 Contributions to South American ArcJieology

STAMPS. Potteiy stamps are not common in Ecuador, and we
found but four specimens, wliicli are figured on Plate XLII. l^o. 11 is a
cylindrical, rounded disc, with a shank on the back part for holding in
the hand, in order to press down upon the object to receive the impression.
On the under surface, as seen in the cut, are a series of deeply incised,
U-shaped incisions surrounding a circle. This is the only complete
example we found, and the only one of the circular type. Nos. 12 and
13 are fragments of rectangular-shaped stamps which have designs almost
identical with the pattern on the front of seat IS^o. 1, Plate XXXI. N^o. 14
is a fragment, less than a fourth of the original stamp. In the upper part
will be seen a grecque-like design; below, the i)attern seems to indicate
that probably the central part of the stamp had an animal figure. When
complete, this specimen was one of the largest of this class of objects we
have ever seen. The fragment has an extreme length of 2| inches (7 cm.),
is 2^ inches (6.3 cm.) in width, and about J of an inch (1.3 cm.) in
thickness. The illustration is figured two-thirds of its natural size. The
other stamps are drawn in natural size. They are all from Oerro de
Hojas, with the exception of No. 12, which is from Monte Oristi.

No. 8 of Plate L represents a curious object of clay resembling a
pestle. The upper end is ornamented with a rude human face having a
large nose. Below the head are seen two nodes, probably representing the
breasts. The bottom of the object has deep incised lines, which are shown
in No. 9 of the same plate. In general it very closely resembles the stone
pestles of the West Indies. In Colombia, pestle-like objects in clay are
known, and there are several in the collections of the American Museum
of Natural History. These are also incised on the under surface. It is
probable that they were used as stamps. The one just described is from
Cerro de Hojas, and is figured two-thirds of its natural size.

SPINDLE-WHOKLS. Throughout ancient America, cotton and
woollen thread was spun on wooden spindles weighted with whorls of
baked clay, pottery, or stone. Spindle-whorls are found in great numbers
in Mexico and Colombia; and many complete spindles with whorls have
been discovered in baskets, associated with mummies, along the coast
of Peru. Suarez, in his "Prehistoria Ecuatoriana," figures five spindle-
whorls from the Island of Puna, in Gulf of Guayaquil. He describes

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 77

them as spheres of black clay, artificially hardened, and states that origi-
nally they were entirely covered with a thin, delicate lamina of gold,
which brought out in relief the designs cut out on their surfaces. He has
reproduced the flattened designs of three of these whorls, which resemble
somewhat the patterns on the collection from La Secita, near the Cerro de
Hojas. We were unable either to obtain or learn of a single specimen
in the Puruha region near Riobamba. Reference has already been made
to the thousands of whorls found at La Secita. On Plates XLIII to
XLYIII are the designs, in natural size, of a hundred and one specimens
from this locality, selected from more than five hundred examples.

There is considerable variety in the shape of these whorls and in
their size. The majority of them are of the conical type, but some are
bead-shaped. The decorations are all incised, many of them being quite
deeply cut. As will be seen in the plates, the greater number of the
patterns are geometric. There is infinite variety in the treatment of the
designs. With possibly a few exceptions, the designs on Plates XLIII
to XLYI do not appear to be derived from life forms ; the exceptions
noted being I^os. 4 to 6, and 8 of Plate XLIY, which may possibly be
derived from bird motives. Nos. 1 to 6 of Plate XLYII are all gro-
tesque faces. The remaining designs on this plate are birds, among
which may be recognized the pelican. On Plate XLYIII are the
animals, nearly all highly conventionalized in character. No. 10 is a
very pretty representation of a lizard, !N^o. 17 is a serpent, and in some
of the others the puma may be recognized. !N^os. 16 and 18 are conven-
tionalized forms, which may be compared with the designs on Plate
XLIY, to which special attention has already been called. No. 16
appears unquestionably to be derived from a bird. It may be said that,
owing to the fact that there has been considerable abrasion on the
surfaces of these whorls, in many cases the illustrations do not give a
true idea of the care with which they have been decorated. In the
majority of the specimens, however, the workmanship is rather crude,
and as a collection they do not compare in beauty with the finer whorls
from Colombia and from the valley of Mexico.

WHISTLES. The pottery whistles or musical instruments illus-
trated on Plates XLIX and L are nearly all from the Oerro de Hojas.

78 Contributions to South American Archeology

They are drawn in natural size, with the exception of Nos. 6 and 7 of
Plate L, which are two-thirds of the natural size. In the interior of
Ecuador, pottery whistles are not common. None were found in the
region of the Puruhas, near Riobamba ; but they occur in the Imbabura
district, north of Quito. Along the coast a number of them have been
discovered in Esmeraldas. Dorsey has figured several bird-form whistles
from the Island of La Plata, off the coast of Manabi ; and Suarez also
figures several from the vicinity of Cerro de Hojas. In our collection the
forms are varied, and they present several types not found elsewhere.

Nos. 1, 2, and 3 of Plate XLIX, are of the same type. The first two
specimens represent an animal, probably an opossum. The tail is held
under the lower jaw by the fore paws. In ISo. 3 the tail is curled in front
of the body, while the fore paws are placed under the lower jaw. In all
three specimens the mouth-piece is a hole in the back. No. 1 has three
finger-holes, while Nos. 2 and 3 have only two, as seen in the illustrations.
No. 2 is from the vicinity of Cape Santa Elena in the province of Guayas,
which probably limits the Manabi culture. No. 4 is an animal which
cannot be identified with certainty. There is a perforation through the
neck for suspension, and on the right side are two finger-holes. No. 5
is an animal with incised designs on each side. On the side not shown in
the illustration are two grecque patterns. The two finger-holes are on the
right side, as in the three whistles above described. The bat figure (No. 6)
is an interesting example, with an extension at the back for a mouth. It
has no finger-holes. No. 7 represents a puma with slender arched body
and upcurved tail. It rests on a hollow flattened sphere, which is the
whistle. Through the back of the animal is a perforation directly oppo-
site a small hole in the whistle. The mouth-hole is in the front, and there
is a finger-hole on each side. No. 8 is broken. Possibly a bird's head was
on the smaller section. There are two finger-holes and a perforation for
suspension. Nos. 9 and 10 are birds. In No. 9 the mouth-piece is at the
end of the tail, with a vent-hole below. It has no finger-holes. No. 10
appears broken at the end, and probably part of the mouth-piece extension
is missing. The vent-hole is above, and on each side there is a finger-hole.
Nos. ^11 and 12 are both common types. Each has a mouth-piece and
vent-hole. Nos. 13 and 14 are intended to represent shells. On the first
specimen is an incised spiral. On the upper edge are traces of two

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 79

perforations for suspension. The mouth-hole is at the bottom. On one
side are three iinger-holes, and on the opposite side a single hole. ^o. 14
is broken at the base, and has a perforated handle on one edge, near
the upper part. It has three hollow tubular openings extending do^\Ti-
ward, as shown by the dotted lines in the cut. This whistle is related
in form to the pan-pipes of bamboo common throughout South America.
!N^o. 15 is entirely plain, and is similar to No. 13, with the exception of
having two finger-holes on the side, as shown in the drawing.

On Plate L are whistles of the human figure type. Nos. 1 and 2
are noteworthy specimens. In No. 1 the whistle is complete. It is a long,
hollow tube, to which is attached a human figure with a swelling at the
back, forming a second whistle. In the upper part of the breast is a single
finger-hole. ISo. 2 is of the same type, but the tubular part is missing.
The finger-hole is over the abdomen. The face of this figure is simian in
character. Suarez figures a whistle of this type in his "Atlas Arqueo-
logico Ecuatoriano," Plate XIX, Pig. 2. Like our i^o. 2, the tubular part
is missing and the single finger-hole is in the abdomen. ISo. 3 is the head
of a human figure, with the mouth-piece extending from the top of the
head, and with a vent-hole at the back. It has no finger-holes, and emits
a shrill, piercing note. The pottery is a brown ware. A similar whistle
of black ware in the collection is not illustrated. Both specimens are
incomplete, the bodies being missing. Ko. 4 is the head of a human
figure with two distinct mouth-holes, as will be noted in the cut. Two
corresponding vent-holes are in the back of the head. The resonators
were in the body of the figure, which is missing. Three other examples
(not illustrated) are in the collection, and show that the whistles are two
hollow tubes in the figure, gradually diminishing in size at the lower end.
Suarez has figured an example of this type, the lower part of the body
being also missing. No. 5 represents a rudely made, seated human figure,
with a globular expansion at the back. In this expansion is the mouth-
hole. The vent-hole is at the back of the neck of the figure, the air being
forced through the vent-hole into the head, which is hollow. Pinger-holes
are in the front, placed on each side of the arms. No. 6 is the largest
whistle obtained in Manabi. It was found in Bahia, and is 8 inches
(20.3 cm.) high. It is a double whistle with a single mouth-hole at the
top of the head. The two vent-holes are at the base of moderate-sized.

80 Contributions to South Ainerican Archeology

rounded, hollow expansions on the back of the head. It has no finger-
holes. The entire figure is hollow. Traces of dull brick-red paint are on
the front of the figure. A large whistle of this type was seen in Monte
Oristi. It consisted of two human figures, a man and a woman, joined
together at the side by a band. Each figure had a double whistle with a
single mouth-hole and no finger-holes. The last whistle to be described
is No. 7, 6| inches (17.1 cm.) high. The face is that of a monkey ; but
the body is human, as shown by the loin-cloth. A projection on the
chest is broken. The body is hollow, and on the back of the figure was
formerly an expansion forming the mouth-piece. The vent-hole is at the
back of the head, and there are no finger-holes. In general appearance,
these whistles are unlike those from Peru, and may be considered as types
of a purely local culture peculiar to Manabi.

HUMA:N^ EIGURES. On Plate LI are the human figures or idols.
1^0. 1, a rude standing figure, has a cylindrical hole in the top of the head,
which extends downward nearly the length of the figure. There is also
a small perforation in the front. It is possibly a whistle. Irregular
incised lines are over the whole figure. !N^os. 2 and 3 are quite similar to
a small image from La Plata illustrated by Dorsey (Plate XOY, op. cit.).
^o. 3 has traces of dark-red paint, and a perforation between the legs,
like the La Plata specimen. No. 4 is the most interesting image in the
collection. It is a seated figure, the legs being bent under the body, and
the hands placed over a slyrt near the knees. There is a perforation at
the top of the head, which is flattened. The entire front of the body
is decorated with incised lines forming designs. The back is perfectly
plain. No. 5 is the head and torso of a figure, but it is complete. The
hands are raised, and placed on the chest. The head, which is flattened,
shows ear-ornaments and a peculiar facial decoration. The clay is black,
and like that of Peruvian figures ; but the general features are quite
different. Nos. 6 and 7 are the bodies of larger figures, and are made of
coarser clay. They are of rather crude workmanship. No. 6 resembles
quite closely certain clay figures from the state of Oaxaca in southern
Mexico. On the back is a small hollow expansion, probably a whistle.
No. 7 recalls the pottery figures of Esmeraldas. No. 8 is the upper part of
a whistle, and represents an animal with the fore paws grasping the mouth.

SavilJe: Antiquities ofManabi, Ecuador 81

HUMA:N^ heads. On Plates LIT, LIII, and LIY are the lieads
of figures or idols, selected from a considerable number of specimens.
]N'os. 1 to 6 inclusive of Plate LII are characterized bv broad head-bands
identical with the head-bands before described on the foreheads of the
crouching human figures of the seats. No. 1 has a button-shaped ornament
on each side of the forehead, and nose and ear ornaments. No. 2 is
massive, and has incised lines on the face. No. 3 has a prominent nose,
and a small bob on each ear. No. 5 shows a nose-ornament and large ears
with ornaments at the base. On No. 6 the singular nose is quite different
in treatment from any in the collection. Nos. 4 and 10 are of the same
clay, and have brick-red patches on the surface, caused by firing. No. 1
has nose and ear ornaments and a bead necklace. No. 10 has two rosettes
on the forehead, the upper one being on a projecting ridge at the top of
the head. Deep, parallel incised lines run across the forehead. The eyes
are large. The ear-ornaments are prominent. No. 7 is massive, and has a
highly polished surface. Vertical incisions represent the eyebrows. No. 8
has three circular holes for the eyes. A nose-ornament is shown. The
mouth is battered, and the ears are missing. No. 9 has a small knob on
the forehead, recalling a similar feature common to Mayan sculptures.
The slight traces of a head-band show a division in the middle, like the
parting of hair. The eyes and mouth are well brought out. Nose and
ear ornaments are represented.

Nos. 1 to 5 inclusive of Plate LIII are of the same general type,
having deeply incised or grooved geometric designs over the forehead,
replacing the plain band. No. 2 is the largest head of this class. It is
1 inches (10.2 cm.) high, and hollow. The nose is battered, but the eyes
are Avell moulded, and the chin delicatelv modelled. The ears have two
oj)enings into the inside of the head, and large ear-discs. This is a unique
feature. The design on the forehead is similar to the patterns on the
front of the stone seats. The whole upper part of the head is compressed,
like skulls found in the graves of the ancient Aymaras of Bolivia, and
as seen in Mayan clay figures from the valley of the Usumacinta and
along the coast of Campeche in Mexico. No. 5 has features quite unlike
those of the other heads illustrated on these plates. While the other
heads are flattened at the back, in this specimen the back is round, as in
life. The treatment of the eyes is noticeable. Nos. 6 to 8 are undoubtedly

82 Contributions to South American Archeology

faces wliich ornamented potteiy vessels. Heads of this type are relatively
abundant in Manabi, being found on the surface in the ruins of Jocay,
back of Manta.

The head given in ^os, 1 and 2 of Plate LIY is the most remarkable
specimen of pottery from this culture-area. The face is exquisitely
modelled, and presents a strikingly lifelike portrait of an Indian type.
In all of its details it might well be mistaken for the face of a funeral
urn from the Zapotecan region of Oaxaca, Mexico. A band is over the
forehead, and the eyes and mouth are lifelike; but the most prominent
feature is the large aquiline nose with a long slit in the septum. Discs
cover the greater part of the ears. The resemblance to Zapotecan heads
is startling, and the splendid modelling is superior to anything known
from Ecuador, with the exception of pottery figures from Esmeraldas.
The beautiful portrait water-bottles with arched handles, from Peru, are
perhaps as well made ; but the general appearance of this class of vessels
is typically Peruvian, and indicates no such cultural connection as is
suggested by the similarity to the above-mentioned Mexican urns. Nos. 3
and 4 are crudely made, the first head being noteworthy for the enormous
nose, and the large nodes for eyes. The mouth is an oval node with a
vertical groove. In ISo. 4 the grotesque face is hardly human, but the
decoration of the upper part of the head is unique.

AI^IMAL HEADS. On Plate LY are the heads of animals and
birds rudely modelled, and they call for no special description, l^o. 4 is
the handle of a vessel, probably an incense-plate, with a lizard in relief
on the upper side. No. 5 is probably a puma. l^o. 6 is either a turkey
or a buzzard.

This concludes our description of the Manabi collection, but we defer
a summary of the results for the final report. We hope to make excava-
tions in this region during the summer of 1907, and to throw more light on
the subject of the stone sculptures and their meaning. Explorations will
be carried on beyond the limits of Manabi, in the vicinity of Cape Santa
Elena, and in the adjacent northern province of Esmeraldas.

APPENDIX

NOTES

1 The geography of Manabi has been but little studied, and the same may be said of
the natural history and geology of the region. Wolf, whose book on the geography and
geology of Ecuador is a model work, was unable to explore the interior at the time of his
visit to the coast, on account of brigands who then infested the province.

The following works are the only ones which contain any extended geographical
notices of Manabi: "Geografia de la Eepublica del Ecuador," by Manuel YiUavicencio
(pp. 481-492) ; " Eesumen de la Historia del Ecuador," by Pedro Fermin Cevallos (Tomo
VI, pp. 202-215) ; " Geografia y Geologia del Ecuador," by Theodor Wolf. None of the
maps of Ecuador are even approximately accurate in their detaUs of Manabi.

2 Agustin Zarate, " Historia del Descubrimiento y Conquista de la Provincia del Peru,
y de las Guerras y Cosas, Seiialadas en Ella, Acaecidas hasta el Vencimiento de Gonzalo
Pizarro y de sus Secuaces, que en Ella se Kebelaron contra su Majestad." (See p. 119.)

3 Francisco de Xerez, "Yerdadera Eelacion de la Conquista del Peru." The first
edition was published in 1554. Xerez, or, as it is sometimes spelled, Jerez, accompanied
Pizarro as secretary on his fourth expedition from Panama. What he writes about
Manabi is here given.

" El navio que fue 4 descubrir volvio a cabo de sententa dias al rio de San Juan,
adonde el capitan Pizarro quedo con la gente ; y dio relacion de lo que le habia sucedido,
y fue, que llego hasta el pueblo de Cancebi, que es en aquella costa, y antes deste pueblo
habian visto, los que en el navio iban, otras poblaciones muy ricas de oro y plata, y la
gente de mas razon que toda la que antes habian visto de indios; y trujeron seis personas
para que deprendiesen la lengua de los espaSoles, y trujeron oro y plata y ropa . . .
y caminaron hasta llegar a un gran pueblo que se dice Coaque, al cual saltearon porque no
se alzase como los otros pueblos; y aUi tomaron quince mil pesos de oro y mil y quLnientos
marcos de plata y muchas piedras de esmeraldas, que por el presente no fueron conoscido,
ni tenidas por piedras de valor; por esta causa los espauoles las daban y rescataban con
los indios por ropa y otras cosas que los indios les daban por ellas. Y en este pueblo
prendieron al cacique seiior del, con alguna gente suya, y hallaron mucha ropa de diversas
maneras, y muchos mantenimientos, en que habia para mantenerse los espaSoles tres 6
cuatro aiios." — Pp. 321, 322.

* D. Fernando Montesinos, "Memorias Antiguas Historiales y Politicas del Peru."
Edited by Marcos Jimenez de la Espada, and published in the " Coleccion de Libros
Espauoles Earos o Curiosos," Tom. 16. Madrid, 1882.

Montesinos gives but little relating to Manabi ; but some very interesting information
is translated from his work, and will be found in Note 16.

5 " 2* PAETE DE LA DESCEIPCION DE GUAYAQUIL EN QUE SE TEATA
DE LA CIUDAD DE PUEETO YIEJO Y SU DISTEITO

" La ciudad se Uama San Gregorio de Puerto Yiejo.

" Esta en un llano fundada en quadro, con quatro calles y una plaza en medio : tiene
treinta y dos casas y no tiene arrabales.

86 Contributions to South American Archeology

" Dista de Guayaquil quarenta leguas ; de Quito, ciento ; de la ciudad de los Eeyes
trescientas : tiene al Levante 4 Quito ; al Poniente al mar del Sur, de que dista seis 6 siete
leguas; al Norte a Guayaquil, est4 catorce 6 quince leguas al Sur del cabo de Pasao, que
es por donde pasa la equinoctial, asi que esta en menos de un grado de latitud.

" Su termino es de tierra montosa, que comienzan los montes desde la misma ciudad.
Hay algunos valles llanos, 4 que llaman s4banas, en que pastan los ganados.

'* Su temperamento es caliente, mayormente en el invierno, que es humedo, con nieblas y
exhalaciones y bochorno perp^tuo: el verano es menos caloroso, porque corren aires frescos.

" La tierra es f ertil de suyo, pero infructif era por la sequedad : no hay rios, fuentes,
ni P090S y asi ni buertas, ni jardines dentro ni fuera de la ciudad: tambien faltan molinos
por esto, y porque no hay trigo para moler. Los inviernos son cortos, que no duran mas
de tres 6 hasta quatro meses : faltan las lluvias d el mejor tiempo y las sementeras no
llegan a f ruto : sera la tierra que se siembra y Ueva fruto hasta veinte leguas, la demas es
esteril.

" Un rio sin nombre propio (llamanle el rio de Puerto Yiejo) pasa pegado a la ciudad :
corre veintiseis leguas desde su prtncipio, veinte hasta Puerto Viejo, y seis hasta entrar
en el mar del Sur : proeede de manantiales el verano, y de ordinario Ueva poca agua y
corre recogido : algunos veranos se seca del todo y mueren de sed los ganados y los ani-
males silvestres : dicen que entonces corre por debajo la tierra y abren po§os (en la madre
con que pasan la gente y los caballos) ; el invierno, que es por Mayo, va crecido y bajaa
todo el valle: estas crecientes no son de dano cosa ninguna y traen mucho provecho,
porque en lo que estuvo cubierto y quedo humedecido, siembran legumbres el verano, y da
fruto dos veces.

''No tiene puente este rio: dicen que le tuvo un tiempo: el invierno se pasa con una
balsa, 4 que llaman barbacoa, con una maroma como por barca; pasa muy bien en ella
gente y ropa.

"Dos leguas de la ciudad entra en este otro rio (6 arroyo); corre de Oriente 4
Poniente por un valle que llaman Pinpaguasi, en donde dicen vinieron otro tiempo muchos
indios, y que agora habra hasta veinte no mas.

" Seis leguas de la ciudad est4 un puerto que llaman de Manta; no es puerto cerrado,
sino costa abierta, y le hacen dafio principalmente dos vientos, el Norte y el Sur, y toda
aquella costa en general es mar de tumbo, sino es en algunas caletas que hay, pero es
hondo, que llega un navio de quatrocientas toneladas 4 una octava de legua de la tierra, y
los menores se acercan mucho mas. Tiene el puerto algunas lajas en que se han perdido
navios: el viento que mas generalmente sopla es el Sur; brisas alcanzan dos 6 tres meses
del arto, comenfando por Enero : con el Sur entran a popa los que vienen de Lima y los de
Panamd con el Nordeste y Norte.

" Los arboles silvestres que la tierra produce y cria de suyo, son algarrobos, morales,
caimitos, pincaes, palosanto, sauces, laureles, guabos, guanavanos, cere§os, hobos, ciruelos.
Los algarrobos y morales, se llaman asi por semejanza 4 los 4rboles, que con estos nombres
son conocidos en Espaiia. La fruta del algarrobo es menos dulce y dif erente que la de ac4 :
sirve de pasto a toda suerte de ganados: el moral Ueva un fruto bianco y dulce, menor que
nuestras moras. La fruta del caimito es semejante 4 las manzanas y suave al gusto:
haylos blancos y negros. El juncal d4 unas como uvas negras, que parecen 4 las de los
palmitos, y tienen dentro un huesezuelo tierno; comenlas los indios: los puercos engordan
con ellas como con bellota : al palo-santo Uaman asi por los remedios que d^l se toman
para las enf ermedades : s4case del una resina que hace las veces y provechos de la
terementina; cura enf ermedades y dolores que proceden de frio : eUa y el agua en que se

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 87

cuece la raiz y el palo, sana los catarros: tambien sirve la resina por encienso para
perfumes. La fruta del guabo es muy larga, como de una vara, y tiene dentro unos como
copos de algodon blancos y suaves. Las guanabanas, frutas del arbol llamado asi, son
mayores que grandes pifias y tan grandes como melones ; verdes en la corteza, y lo interior
bianco: el gusto es entre agrio y dulce: el cerezo d4 un fruto encarnado y bianco, y
del tamaiio de una avellana: es de buen gusto, pero muy daiioso; el que llaman ciruelo, es
^rbol grande ; dicen que como un naranjo : la fruta encarnada del tamaiio de una castaiia
es suave y dulce con exceso. La fruta del hobo es amarilla y de suave olor; su gusto
entre dvilce y agro; es dauosa a la salud. Los laureles no Uevan fruto ni los sauces: estos
sirven de madera para liacer canoas y maderar casas, De todas estas frutas silvestres
gozan los naturales y los ganados sin ninguna i)roliibicion: lleva bien la tierra algunas
frutas de Espaiia uvas, bigos, membrillos, granadas, naranjas, limas, limones, cidras: todas
en poca cantidad por f alta del riego ; no bay viiias, mas de algunos parrales. Las frutas
mansas de la tierra bay en mayor abundancia pldtanos, aguacates, pifias, sapotes, anonas,
papayas, nisperas, guayavas, ciruelas de dos generos, unas que llaman de Nicaragua y
otras de la tierra.

" De las hortalizas de Espaiia bay lecbugas, rabanos, zanaborias, coles, ceboUas,
melones, pepinos, calabazas, peregil, yerbabuena, culantro.

" Las semillas ordinarias en esta tierra son maiz, babas, frisoles, mani, giquimas, agi;
siembranse en rogas, al modo dicbo en lo de Gyayaquil.

" El maiz se dd, tambien, que se sustentan algunas casas en Puerto Yiejo con sola una
ro9a de dos almudes de sembradura, porque en los aiios muy lluviosos acude a doscientas
cincuenta y trescientas banegas por una de sembradura y k ciento cincuenta cuando el
ano no es acertado. Las babas y frisoles acuden de setenta 4 cien banegas : y el mani de
ocbenta basta cien por una. En las relaciones aflrma un testigo que acuden el mani d
doscientas ocbenta y a trescientas banegas : con toda esta fecundidad de la tierra, so cogen
de ordinario pocos frutos por la falta de aguas y poca labor: quando los aiios son lluviosos
y se coge mucbo, se saca para Tierra Firme, y Uega a venderse en el puerto de Manta el
maiz a nueve 6 a diez reales : las babas y frisoles de Castilla a veinte y 4 veinticuatro
reales, y el mani 4 dos pesos : el precio ordinario del maiz a la cosecba suele ser 4 quatro
6 cinco reales la hanega.

" Trigo no se coge, ni vino ni aceite ; pero b4se esperimentado que la tierra lleva bien
estas cosas : secanse y no perseveran por falta de agua con que regar las vinas y olivares,
que las lluvias, siendo tan pocas, no bastan para sustentar estos 4rboles, y el trigo no llega
a granar porque le faltan las aguas al mejor tiempo. Advlerten los vecinos que se puede
hacer una presa en el rio para regar las sementeras en falta de lluvias, y que con esto se
cogeria mucbo trigo y todo g^nero de frutos de Castilla que seria de grande importancia a
la tierra, y se le acrecentaria la contratacion con las ciudades del Piru.

" Los animales que bay de caza son venados, menores que los de Espafia, y corcetes
de montana pardos y bermejos que llaman cervicabras; puercos de manada como los
javalies de Espaiia y otros 9abinos y mas pequeiios, que tienen el ombligo en el espina90 :
tambien bay conejos.

" Animales fleros, bay leones, pardos y bermejos, tigres, osos bormigueros, gorras,
armadillos, ardillas, micos de diferentes maneras.

" Los armadillos los comen los naturales, y no es mala carne. El venado y conejo,
leon y tigre, son como los conocidos ac4.

" Las aves que bay de la tierra son pavas de dos generos, unas que llaman pangies,
que tienen una corona de pluma en la cabeza : los macbos son negros y las bembras ber-

88 Contributions to South American Archeology

mejas. A las otras Uaman graznadoras ; son menores y de buena came. Hay patos
silvestres, palomas torca§es, tortolas, halcones, gavilanes, faisanes y perdices mayores y
menores : las mayores son del tamafio de una pollaronca (que es cercana d poner) ; las
menores son como las de Espaiia y tambien son como las de ac6 las palomas, tortolas y
patos. Hay papagayos, periquitos, guacamayas, y otros generos diversos de pajaros muy
galanos y vistosos de pluma, y de canto suave.

" En el rio se crian camarones y unos pesoecillos que llaman sardinillas y mojarras.

"Hay muchas viboras u muy daiiosas, y un genero de culebras muy ponzonosas:
llamanles sangas; son de una vara de largor, y tienen ocho colmillos muy agudos: luego
como liican a hombre 6 a animal le privan de sentidos y le revienta sangre por los oidos,
boca y ojos, y por las uiias de las manos y de los pies; los picados duran seis horas y
algninos menos tiempo, y los que mas hasta veinticuatro horas, porque la picadura
generalmente es incurable: sanan algunos siendo socorridos luego al punto, sajando la
mordedura y poniendole encima tabaco majado, y dando a beber al paciente el zumo de la
misma yerba. Hay tambien alacranes y unas avispas negras, cuya picadura causa
hinchazon y grandes calenturas. Es muy digna de consideracion la Mstoria de este
animalejo pongoiioso para la declaracion literal de la historia sagrada en quatro lugares de
la Escritura,' donde se dice que expelio Dios los indignos y injustos moradores de la tierra
de promision, enviando delante de los hijos de Israel cabrones 6 vespas, que picasen y
ahuyentasen a los enemigos del pueblo de Dios; los quales vocablos latinos que tradujo la
version vulgata, y los que le responden en los originales hebreos y griegos, signiflcan este
animalejo que conoeemos y Uamamos avispa; y algunos interpretes, particularmente San
Agustin, dudaron si se Labia de entender en aquellos lugares a la letra en signiflcacion
propia, 6 si se significaba por translacion con este vocablo la f ama y rumor de los milagros
espantosos de Dios, y numero y valentia de los israelitas, que precedio volando como
avispa, y picando y acobardando los animos de los cananeos, para que fuesen faciles de
combatir y de veneer : ello de suyo es lo mas cierto interpretar las promesas y historias
divinas en propia signiflcacion: y este relacion confirma que de aquellos desiertos de
Arabia, sacaria Dios un grande exercito de avispas venenosas, que le sirvieron de caballos
ligeros en aquella empresa; como suele Dios usar de ministerio de cosas muy viles y
pequefias para derribar las pomposas y grandes del mundo, y es muy propio de las tierras
desiertas y secas producir y criar copia y diversidad de sabandijas y animalejos venenosos,
como se esperimenta en muclia parte de Africa y en estas regiones de que vamos tratando.

" Parece haber sido antiguamente la tierra rica de oro y de esmeraldas, porque quando
se descubrio se hallaron muchas y muy flnas, y oro en poder de los indios, de lo qual no ha
quedado cosa, y la tierra es pobrisima de oro y plata, porque no bay mina descubierta de
ningun metal, pero entiendese que hay minas en la provincia de las esmeraldas, y tambien
en el camino real que va a Guayaquil que llaman Colines y Manchal, t^rmino de Puerto
Viejo, tierra que solia estar poblada de muchos indios. Afirman los que tienen conocimi-
ento destas cosas, que la tierra da muestras de minas de oro, y hay grande fama de
que los indios las tuvieron alii muy ricas, de donde sacaron el oro que se hallo en su poder
el tiemijo del descubrimiento. Despues cuentan que un cacique de Apechinche que did en
presente un gran pedazo de oro en forma de tabla, cortado al parecer de otro mayor, a
Francisco Flores Megia, para que hiciese joyas a su muger quando se caso: quieren decir
que aquel indio tenia una tabla de oro sobre que ponia como tarima un trono del mismo
metal para sentarse en ciertos sacriflcios y solemnidades que tenian entre ano.

1 Exod. 23 — Deut. 7 — losue 24 — Sap. 12.

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 89

"jEJw lo moral

"La ciudad de Puerto Viejo afirman haber sido la segunda que se fundo en aquel reino,
porque la primera fue Piura : f undose en tiempo de los Keyes Catolicos Don Fernando y
Dofia Isabel por orden del marques Don Francisco Pizarro, y dicen que se fundo de tres
veees, la primera tres leguas el rio arriba, y la segxanda una mds abajo de donde agor aest^.

" Sus primeros conquistadores y fundadores fueron, Nicolas de Villacorta, Hernando
Ag°. Holgnin, Enrique Kodriguez, Cristobal de Burgos.

" Dicese que tenia escudo de armas particulares, pero que no hay noticia de qu^les
fuesen, y que todas las antigiiedades desta ciudad se ban olvidado, por haberse quemado
su archivo mas ha de quarenta aiios.

" S. M. le llama ciudad en sus c^dulas y provisiones, y soUa ser cabeza de todo el
partido : ha venido a mucha diminucion y desestimacion, de suerte que por desprecio le
llaman la Culata, como 4 infima y postrera.

" Tiene de distrito veintiocho leguas : catorce al ^orte hasta el cabo de Pasao, y otras
tantas al Sur hasta el rio de Prosel.

" Las casas son humildes y viles, hechas de caiias y barro, y quando mas de alguna
mad era, juntamente cubiertas de paja ; dicen que usan edificar bajo para seguridad de los
temblores de tierra, que los solian padescer a menudo : la principal causa es la pobreza ;
tienen en la plaza unas casas de cabildo.

" Los vecinos que hay en la ciudad son espaiioles : casados, diez ; criollos casados,
quince; solteros espanoles, tres; crioUos, diez y siete; tienen hijos varones, treinta y siete
hijas, treinta y tres ; esclavos, treinta y tres ; esclavas, catorce ; viudas pobres, hay seis ;
espafioles viandantes, tres.

" Los pueblos de indios del distrito de Puerto Viejo son Catarama, Charapota, Manta,
Jipijapa, Picuaza. Otros pueblos mas que estos se hallaron en la tierra : todos tenian los
nombres de sus caciques como Peonce, Apechingue ; agora estan reducidos en estos y se
llaman parciaUdades : distan estos pueblos unos de otros a ocho y a nueve leguas.

" Hay diez encomenderos que dicen son, al tiempo de la descripcion, los ocho varones, y
dos mugeres, y que asistian estas dos y cinco varones; parece que las encomiendas son doce,
las tres de primera vida, y las nueve de segunda, pero que tienen algunos dos encomiendas.

"Cargas de los encomenderos son tener armas que se entiende de caballo y lanza,
espada y daga y escopeta, pagar dotrina y diezmo y cierta parte al corregidor, como por
ejemplo, al del puerto de Manta le rentan sus indios cada aiio nuevecientos sesenta y tres
reales y medio ; paga al dotrinero cuarenta y seis pesos y seis reales, treinta y ocho gallinas
y nueve arrobas y media de pescado al corregidor ; nueve pesos de diezmos. No tienen
carga de lanzas los encomenderos ni hay encomienda que sea del Eey.

" Los encomenderos que al tiempo desta descripcion poseian las encomiendas, las
calidades y valor de encomiendas son desta manera:

" Bartolome Perez de Burgos tiene treinta y siete indios tributarios de segunda vida :
rdntanle dos mil setecientos treinta y ocho reales.

*' Juan de Avila Prieto tiene en segunda vida en el puerto de Manta diez y nueve
indios tributarios : rentan nuevecientos sesenta y tres reales y medio.

" Cristobal de Burgos tiene en segunda vida una encomienda cuyos indios no estdn
tasados: al sacerdote, no le pagan mas tributo que hacerle una ro§a de maiz de que paga
al dotrinero.

" Ag°. Briceno tiene dos encomiendas, una en segunda vida de cuarenta indios tribu-
tarios, que son gibros de montaiia ; otra en primera vida de veintinueve indios tributarios
de tasa ordinaria ; declara que pagado dotrinero y corregidor, le valen ambas cien pesos.

90

Contributions to South American Archeology

" D. Francisco Tohaya, indio, tiene en el pueblo del Valle, en la reduccion de Catarama,
en primera vida ocho indios tributarios : este no tiene armas por la pequeiiez de la encomi-
enda y por su pobrega.

"Dona Maria de Figueroa Manjarres, tiene dos encomiendas en segtinda vida; la una
de treinta y la otra de veintinueve indios ordinarios de tasa ordinaria.

" Leonor de Eobles tiene en segunda vida unos indios que por ser nuevamente con-
vertidos, no estan tasados ; trajolos de paz de las montaiias su padre desta encomendera, y
es el ntimero dellos treinta casados, diez y seis solteros, veintidos indias solteras, veintidos
mucliachos y indias. Ko le pagan mas tributo que liacerle una roga como lo permite la
cedula, de que paga al dotrinero : estos siete son los encomenderos que asisten.

" Los indios desta tierra, no convenian en una lengua general y comun a todos : cada
pueblo hablaba la suya dif erente, lo cual era causa de discordia y guerras entre ellos : los
indios maritimos se entienden todos entre si, aunque la lengua que usan no es ... * dicese
que conocian y distinguian los dias de la semana con nombres particulares, y que tenian al
domingo por el mas solemne, y le llamaban Tepipicbinclie, y que a sus liijos ponian nombre
del dia en que nacian.

" El conocer semana, es rastro de la fe de la creacion, y el celebrar el domingo, senas
de que les babia alcanzado algun tiempo luz 6 vislumbre de la redencion. Agora la lengua
comun destos indios es la castellana. Todos son muy espaiiolados y muchos saben leer y
escribir, y en cada lugar hay algunos que cantan diestramente canto de organo y oflcian
las misas en las iglesias.

" Quando se descubrio la tierra se haUo mucbo mayor niimero de indios : hanlos
gastado las pestes y las esterilidades y bambres: pareceles a los testigos que declaran
estas relaciones, que habra agora unos dicen hasta quinientos y otros hasta quatrocientos
tributarios : los que parece que hay en los pueblos de la jurisdicion de Puerto Viejo, por el
padron que se hizo por mandado del Consejo el aiio de 1G05, son:

" Tributarios, trescientos cincuenta y ocho ; reservados, ciento diez y seis ; muchachos
libres de tributo por la edad, doscientos sesenta y seis; muchachas, doseientas vein-
titres : son casados, cuatrocientas veinticuatro : hay mugeres viudas y solteras, sententa y
cuatro.

"Este numero de indios se halla en sus lugares y parcialidades en la manera
siguieute :

En Catarama, 5 parcialidades

Indios da
Catarama

Catarama: tributarios, 16; reservados, 4; casados, 18; viudos, 3; niiios, 16
niiias, 16 ..........

Conchicliigua: tributarios, 4; reservados, 1; casados, 5; viudos, 2; ninos, 7
niiias, 5 .......... .

Coalle: tributarios, 7; reservados, 1; casados, 8; viudos, 1; niiios, 6
nifias, 7 ..........

Pantagua: tributarios, 2; reservados, 1; casados, 3; viudos, 1; niuos, 3
niiias, 4 .......... .

Chondana: tributarios, 3; reservados, 1; casados, 4; viudos, 2; niuos, 4
niiias, 2 .......... .

1
2
3
4

5

1 Est4 borrado en el original.

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador

91

En Charajpoto, 4 parcialidades

Charapoto: tributaries, 12; reservados, 5; casados, 12; viudos, 2; niiios, 7;
y nifias, 3 .......... .

Concbipa: tributaries, 17; reservados, 10; casados, 24; viudos, 4; niuos,
18; nifias, 14 .......... .

Tosagua: tributaries, 27; reservados, 8; casados, 32; viudos, 2; niuos 17;
nifias, 14 ...........

Pasao: tributaries, 17 j reservados, 4; casados, 19; viudos, 4; niuos, 19;
nifias, 9 . . . . . .

Indios de
Charapoto

1

O

3

4

JEn Manta, 4 parcialidades

Manta: tributaries, 18; reservados, 9; casados, 26; viudos, 6; nifios, 15
nifias, 28 ..........

Jaramito: tributaries, 6; reservados, 3; casados, 7; viudos, 1; niuos, 4
y nifias, ..........

Levique: tributaries, 8; reservados, 3; casados, 8; viudos, 1; nifios, 10
nifias, 5 .......... .

Capil: tributaries, 3; reservados, 4; casados, 7; viudos, 1; nifios, 1
nifias, 6 .......... .

IndioB da
Manta

3
4

JEn Ji;pijapa, 8 parcialidades

Pipai: tributaries, 26; reservados, 8; casados, 33; viudos, 3; nifios, 20
nifias, 24 ..........

Jipijapa la baja: tributaries, 23; reservados, 6; casados, 27; viudos, 4
nifios, 12 ; nifias, 17 ........

Apelepe: tributaries, 27; reservados, 1; casados, 32; viudos. 2; nifios, 22
nifias, 16 ..........

Apechingue: tributaries, 15; reservados, 4; casados, 18; viudos, 2; nifios
21; nifias, 9 ......... .

Sanchan: tributaries, 9; reservados, 5; casados, 12; viudos, 5; nifios, 7
nifias, 5 .......... .

La Alta: tributaries, 15; reservados, 9; casados, 24; viudos, 1; solteros,
5; nifios, 11; nifias, 11 ....... .

Pillasagua: tributaries, 7; reservados, 4; casados, 11; viudos, 4; nifios, 3
nifias, 3 .......... .

Picalauseme: tributaries, 1; reservados, 4; casados, 3; nifios, 4; nifias, 1

Iud)03 de
Jipijapa

1

2
3
4
5
6

7
8

IndiOB de
Picnazia

Un Picuasia, 3 parcialidades

Toballa: tributaries, 8; reservados, 13; casados, 78; viudos, 16; nifios, 63;

nifias, 42 ........... 1

Misbay: tributaries, 15; reservados, 4; casados, 12; nifios, 3; nifias, 2 . 2

Selongo : esta parcialidad no tiene mas que un cacique, casado y sin hijes,
y un tributario, viudo sin hijes ; debese advertir que a este numere se
ha reducido tedo un pueblo por la tasacien ultima que hize la Audien-
cia de Quite en 7 de Setiembre de 1584.

" Paga cada indie tributario veintides reales y una manta de algodon, que Uaman lona,
de a dece varas, que se vende per quatro pesos, y una hanega de maiz que vale quatre
reales, y des aves de Castilla, hembra y macho que valen d dos reales ; de manera, que
vale tedo setenta y cuatre reales.

92 Contributions to South American Archeology

'■• Los indios del piierto de Manta pagan cada aiio tres pesos de plata ensayada, que
son de k. cuatrocientos cincuenta maravedises: dos arrobas de pescado seco, que valen oclio
reales ; un gallo que vale un real y una gallina que vale dos, que viene a ser cincuenta
reales y veinticuatro niaravedis. Los indios recien convertidos son libres de tributo, mas
de que suelen bacer una roga 4 su encomendero para pagar la dotrina. Estos son los que
por persuasion de los espaQoles se ban bajado de las montaiias y poblado en lo llano, que
los llaman gibaros montaiieses.

" Los vecinos de la ciudad por la mayor parte son pobres ; los encomenderos por la
mayor parte no tienen mas bacienda que la renta de sus encomiendas : alguno demas desto
llega a tener mil pesos : los que pasan bien, tienen buertas y estancias de ganado de
cincuenta 6 basta cien vacas, 6 basta doscientas, y tambien tienen estancias de puercos y de
ovejas y cabras y algunos esclavos : la bacienda de los pobres que pasan mal, es una mala
casa y basta veinte puercos : los m^s son del todo pobres, soldados sin ninguna bacienda,
viven comunmente los de la ciudad de labranza de maiz y legumbres, y de poco tiempo
bacen sementeras de tabaco por grangeria. No bay mercaderes sino los que vienen de fuera:
suele traerse k vender ropa de la tierra, sayales, gergas, fregadas, panos y mantas y algodon:
bay en la ciudad un earpintero, un sastre, dos zapateros ; no bay curtidores ni tenerias,
mas de que los zapateros curten badanas de venados, que vale cada una seis u ocbo reales :
destas bacen botas y zapatos : bacese un poco de jabon de sebo y de manteca basta en
cantidad de cincuenta quintales cada aiio y vale el quintal a doce 6 4 catorce reales.

" Hay un trapicbe solo de azucar que lo trae un caballo y es de un particular que
ocupa en el cinco esclavos: no labra el azucar en pilones, sino solamente saca la miel
de las caiias : bace cada aiio basta cien botijas.

"Todos los indios desta tierra generalmente tienen caballos que alquilan a los pasa-
geros: el indio que menos, tiene dos caballos; tambien bacen sementeras de que cogen, no
solo para sustento, sino para vender 4 los indios de la costa, a donde van a traer pescado
para revender ; tambien venden gallinas y otros mantenimientos a los pasageros.

"Hay entre los indios algunos oflciales, zapateros, sastres y carpinteros y viven de
sus oflcios.

" Labran alguna poca ropa de algodon para sus vestidos y para pagar los tributos ;
para esto siembran el algodon que ban menester : no se siembra lino ni caiiamo.

" Alguna poca de pita suelen labrar cada uno para sus labores : tienen tambien
algunos ganados.

"Los del puerto de Manta viven de pesquerias y de dar avio a los navios con sus
balsas, pero los espanoles no usan pescar para grangeria. Demas de las aramdas de S. M.
que tocan en aquel puerto para tomar refresco, entran en el por aiio basta diez 6 doce
navios, algunos de quatrocientas toneladas, y otros de a doscientas cincuenta y navios
mercantes de porte de ciento cincuenta toneladas y otros de ciento, y otros barcos de aviso
y de trato ; los navios que pasan por aqui para Panam4, de los valles de Trugillo y de
Lima, llevan barina, azucar, miel, conservas, manteca, babas, garbanzos, y otras cosas para
sustento de Tierra Firme : los que suben de Panama al Piril llevan ropa de Castilla de la
que viene en las flotas ; de camino, so provee Puerto Viejo de las cosas que ba menester, y
no bay adu ana, por ser todo lo que llega alii de paso y no venir su derecbo descargo aquel
puerto, ]^o se labran navios; no bay apar ejo para ello: labrase jarcia de cabuya para
vender a los navios que pasan.

" Sal se saca en el puerto de Manta de unos pogos 6 boyos que de antigiiedad tienen
abiertos los indios, y son propios de particulares: s^canse basta doscientas banegas cada
ano y vale en el puerto a cuatro reales.

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 93

''Tierras hay en muclia mayor cautidad de las que los veeinos y los indios han
menester; asi no tienen valor ni hay posesion de tierras en particular; cada uno hace
su ro§a y siembra donde y en la cantidad que quiere. Los veeinos beneflcian sus chdearas
con esclavos propios y con los mitayos.

" Los mantenimientos que f altan en la tierra y de que suele haber carestia, son harina
de trigo, que se trae de los valles de Trugillo, y se vende en Manta 4 nueve reales la
arroba; el vino se trae de Guayaquil y vale k ocho y A nueve la botija; la de aeeite suele
costar de doce A catoree pesos corrientes. Quando hay falta de maiz, se les toma a los
indios que lo tienen en el distrito, 4 la tasa que sefiala el cabildo. Ganados se crian en
poca cantidad por la sequedad de la tierra y falta de agua.

" En todo el distrito hay cinco 6 seis estancias de ganado en que habra de vacuno hasta
tres mil reses; ovejas hasta doscientas: otro testigo dice de trescientas a quatrocientas
cabezas: cabras doscientas; de puercos habrd mil cabezas y este es el ganado que mas se
multiplica y mas se gasta, porque cada hembra cria cada aiio seis 6 nueve; vale una
cabeza en pi^ quatro pesos; un puerco de dos anos otro tanto; un carnero d chivato 6 cabra,
un peso. Mucho del ganado, particularmente del de cerda, anda alzado, que quando el aiio
no es abundante de maiz, como no les dan grano, no quieren acudir al corral, y con el
aparejo del mucho monte se alyan y se emboscan. Hay hombres que tienen por oflcio ir 4
caballo 4 jarretar ganado al9ado para sacar el sebo y lardo del.

" No hay yeguadas ni cria de mulas ; solamente el convento de la Merced tiene una
manada de yeguas, que andan al§adas.

" Los indios desta provincia tienan (en casa) tres 6 quatro y algunos hasta diez yeguas
de que crian potros : vale una yegua de quatro a seis pesos, y un potro lo mismo.

" Gobierna y administra justicia en Puerto Viejo un teniente, puesto por el gobernador
de Guayaquil ; y demas del tribunal del teniente hay en la ciudad dos alcaldes ordinarios
y otros dos de la hermandad y quatro regidores y un alguacil mayor que pone un teniente.
El alguacil mayor solia ser nombrado por el gobernador; despues le nombraban los
vireyes : el que agora sirve el oflcio lo tiene nombrado por mil trescientos pesos corrientes :
no tiene salarios mas de sus derechos. Hay una escribania piiblica y otra del cabildo y de
ordinario las sirve ambas una persona, nombrado desde D. Luis de Velasco aca por el
Yirey que antes nombraba el cabildo de la ciudad i)or concesion del Marques D. Francisco
Pigarro. La eleccion de alcaldes y regidores se hace por votos del cabildo : cada primero
dia del aiio, nombran seis personas y eehan los nombres en un cantaro, de donde los
primeros dos que salen son para alcaldes y los quatro restantes para regidores : aprueba
la eleccion el gobernador 6 por el su teniente ; para esta eleccion tienen voto demas de los
oflciales del cabildo alcalde y regidores, el alguacil mayor y el tesorero.

"En cada pueblo de indios hay tambien su cabildo, alcaldes y regidores, alguacil mayor
y menor y escribano : todos indios conf orme a la orden que dio el virey don Francisco de
Toledo, y demas desto hay un gobernador de todos los pueblos de indios del distrito,
nombrado por los vireyos ; este es indio y reside en Manta. La eleccion de los oflciales de
cada aiio en los pueblos de indios se hace y confirma de la misma manera que la de Puerto
Viejo.

" A los indios que de su voluntad trabajan por jornal en las chacaras, se les da por
cada dia a real y de comer; a indios que sirven por mita, esto es, apremiados y repartidos
por quinto, les llaman mitayos y 4 los que entran a servir por su voluntad, yanaconas:
estos ganan de salario doce pesos cada aiio, y los mitayos nueve reales y medio cada quince
dias y de comer, por tasacion que hizo el Yirey; el alquiler de un caballo es a real por
legua 6 quatro reales por Jornada de hasta cinco leguas: quando el indio cuyos son los

94 Contributions to South American Archeology

caballos, va con ellos para volverlos, no se le paga mas del alquiler de los caballos; si v4
otro indio gana real por caballo, desde el puerto de Manta a Jipijapa, 6 de alli a Daule a
Unguia; j)edido por el pasagero se le dan seis u oclio reales y lo Uevan a caballo.

"El camino real para Guayaquil y para todo el Piru pasa sin tocar a la ciudad de
Puerto Viejo, cinco leguas della, desde el puerto de Manta a Jipijapa: de alli a Daule bay
veinticinco leguas de despoblado con tambos (asi llaman 4 las ventas) a trecbos en que se
recogen de noche los pasageros. Estos tambos son quatro, y estiin desiertos, sin gente
ninguna que los habite, y no bay otra poblacion por el camino ni a los lados, porque de la
parte de Levante corre la cordillera (de las sierras) de Quito, y al Poniente la playa del
mar del Sur. Es menester ir prevenidos de comida, y el verano tambien de bebida para
este desierto; previ^nense en Jipijapa de todo, 6 del agua a quatro leguas adelante en la
primera aguada. Hay en Jipijapa un tambo 6 meson bien adere9ado. En Puerto Viejo
no hay tambo ninguno ni casas de posadas. Los vecinos bospedan a los pasageros; el pan
que comen de ordinario los indios y los espaiioles es de maiz, de que hacen unos panes a
que llaman tortillas, carne de vaca y de puerco y monteria de venados y puercos monteses
y legumbres de la tierra, unas babas que se diferencian poco de las de Espaua y son de
mucbo sustento, frisoles, camotes, yucas: estas son ciertas raices como de patata, de las
quales y del maiz Lacen la bebida que llaman cbicba: un pan de trigo que pesa veinte
onzas suele valer un real; el arroba de carne de vaca a dos reales; el quartillo de vino de
Castilla d ocbo reales; el de la tierra de cuatro basta seis reales: las verduras y legumbres
no se venden, porque todos las tienen de cosecha y propias. Las enfermedades vulgares
en la tierra son: calenturas proUxas y recias, y dolores en todo el cuerpo, que ordinaria-
mente son de bubas; estos curan con 5ar§a y palo santo; las calentiiras con Sangrias y
purgas de mecboacan y caiiifistola.

"Para diversas enfermedades usan mds que de otra medicina del tabaco y de otra
yerba llamada el payco, cuyo zumo beben para las lombrices : bay cantidad de palo de
salsifrax, de que usan para postemas interiores y para qualesquiera dolores de frialdad con
admirables efectos : tambien bay be§ares de mucha virtud que se sacan de los venados, y
contrayerba que dan a los que ban tomado veneno 6 estan becbizados.

" Llaman guacas 4 los lugares de adoracion a donde los indios tenian los idolillos de
oro y de plata : buscanse como tesoros ; algunas se dice que estan denunciadas en el
distrito, pero no se ban sacado.

" En la ciudad de Puerto Yiejo bay un tesorero que es oflcial real y juez nombrado
por el Virey : tiene a su cargo la caxa Eeal con salario de ciento veinte pesos de plata
ensayada.

" Las rentas reales que entran en la caxa, son los abnojarifazgos del puerto de Manta,
que valen cada aiio doscientos cincuenta pesos : los novenos de los diezmos que valen
cincuenta pesos ; cincuenta pesos corrientes que valen las alcabalas ; treinta y seis pesos
que pagan de tributo yanaconas que estan en la ciudad a razon de seis pesos de plata
corriente : no bay quintos en esta tierra, porque no bay minas ni guacas : gastos desta
caxa son los ciento veinte pesos de salario del tesorero : ocbenta pesos corrientes que
S. M. d4 de limosna al convento de la Merced ; cuarenta pesos de ayuda de costa al cura :
suelen sobrar cada ano basta cien pesos corrientes que se envian a la caxa de Guayaquil :
esto es muy digno de notar para consideracion de quantos espauoles se ocupan y gastan
con tan pequeiia utiUdad de su Eey: la conversion de los radios es lo que vale y contrapesa.

Saville : Antiquities of 3Ianabi, Ecuador 95

^^Militar

" No hay en la ciiidad presidio de soldados ni fortaleza, pero hay un maese de campo,
un capitan y un sargento mayor nombrados por el Virey, y hallardnse en ella hasta cin-
cuenta liombres de todas edades para tomar armas en las ocasiones.

" 'So se labran armas en la ciudad.

"Ko se puede hacer fortaleza en el puerto de Manta, porque tiene muclias entradas y
porque no hay agua, que la que se bebe all! se trae dos legoias.

" Confinan los t^rminos de Puerto Viejo con la provincia de las Esmeraldas h^cia la
Cordillera de las tierras de Quito : ocuparon aquella provincia un numero de mulatos
§ambahigos, que nacieron de mezcla de negros y negras cimarrones con los indios : eran
estos mulatos belicosos y corrian toda aquella cordillera haciendo guerra y mucho dano ^
los indios de la tierra, que son los Uamados gibaros y pertenecen a esta jurisdicion, los
quales apretados de los mulatos se venian a valer de los espaiioles, y algunos por esta
causa se bajaron de la sierra y se redujeron y convirtieron : causaban los mulatos muchos
sobresaltos y alborotos y hacian estar a los espaiioles con cuidado y con las armas en las
manos, hasta que de cinco a seis anos a esta parte se paciflcaron y dieron obediencia a
S. M. y se comunican con los indios y con los espanoles y han entrado entre eUos reUgiosos
de la orden de la Merced, que los dotrinan; en particular es conocido un Fray Pedro
iSomero, a quien los mulatos, senaladamente los de la provincia de Campago, que es la
mds cercana a esta y su mayoral que se llama D. Alg. Sebastian de Illesca, tienen mucho
respeto ; asi que agora goza esta tierra de paz, pero la provincia de las Esmeraldas, que se
entiende es muy rica dellas y de oro, estd todavia ocupada y tiranizada de los mulatos y
despoblada de indios y no beneflciada ni descubierta de los espanoles.

'' Uclesiastico

" Hay en la ciudad de Puerto Viejo tres templos: la iglesia parroquial, cuya advocacion
es de San Gregorio : la iglesia y convento de IS'uestra Seuora de la Merced ; una hermita
de San Valerio : son estos templos de madera y cubiertos de paja : la iglesia parroquial no
tiene otra renta mas de la parte que le cabe de los diezmos, que suele valer cada ano desde
cuatrocientos a seiscientos pesos, que dicen es causa de mucha pobreza.

" El cura de la iglesia es juntamente vicario del obispo y sirve la dotrina de los indios
de Catarama, que le son anejos y distan de la ciudad menos de un quatro de legua : sirve
tambien una capellania de once misas regadas, que es la que solamente hay en esta iglesia
y vale once pesos cada aiio : dem4s desto la renta y aprovechamiento de que goza como
cura son cincuenta mil maravedis, que S. M, ha mandado pagar a todos los curas de
pueblos de espanoles y se le pagan en los quatro novenos, conforme a la ereccion del
obispado, y el resto se suple de la caxa Eeal : son ciento sesenta y dos pesos y dos reales :
tambien dotrina y les administra sacramentos a los indios gibaros que nuevamente estdn
reducidos en quatro pueblos a dos y a tres y a quatro leguas de la ciudad, de que lleva
ciento veinticinco pesos ; mas estan a su cargo sesenta y cinco yanaconas que le pagan
doce reales cada uno : estan estos en diversas partes en huertas y estancias de vecinos
rio abajo y rio arriba desta ciudad; tiene demas desto el pie de altar y obvenciones
ordinarias,

"En la jurisdicion de Puerto Viejo hay quatro dotrinas. La de Catarama que sirve
el cura.

" La de Charapoto y Manta, que aunque distan cinco leguas una de otra, ambos pueblos
los sirve un cMrigo : tiene casa y asiste en cada uno, compartiendo el tiempo conforme al
mxmero de los f eligreses ; particularmente esta en el puerto quando hay navios en 41.

96 Contributions to South American Archeology

^^La de Jipijapa, que sirve un clerigo.

" La de Picuca, que sirve un f raile de la Merced.

"De la de Cataraina lleva el cura cien pesos de a nueve reales solamente, y no lleva
camarico (asi Uaman a lo que se paga en aves y maiz, etc.), demas del dinero. La de
Charapoto y Manta tienen de salario trescientos pesos de d nueve reales; doscientas
cincuenta aves maclios y hembras por mitad, y setenta f anegas de maiz poco mas 6 menos ;
treinta arrobas de pescado, una mas 6 menos : otro declara que las aves desta dotrina
son doscientas, y las f anegas de maiz cincuenta. La de Jipijapa tiene trescientos pesos ;
setenta 6 hasta ocbenta aves; ochenta fanegas de maiz, quatro mas 6 menos. Estos
salarios pagan los encomenderos del cueri)o de tributo.

" El cura de Puerto Viejo es nombrado por el presidente de la audiencia de Qviito y
conflrmado por el obispo; a los dotrineros clerigos presenta el obispo y confirma el
audiencia. Este nombramiento de dotrineros declaran de diversas maneras: el dotrinero
de Jipijapa dice en su declaracion que el obispo nombra tres clerigos para cada dotrina
vaca, y el presidente elige imo dellos que la sirva.

" Solamente bay un convento de frailes de la Merced, que es de la provincia Lima y se
fundo cuando la ciudad; fue su fundador fray Miguel de Santa Maria: tiene de ordinario
el comendador y otro fraile demas del dotrinero de Picuaga: la renta y bacienda de este
convento son ciento cincuenta pesos que lleva de la dotrina de Picuaga : cien ovejas y
algunas cabras, y unas pocas de yeguas que tiene.

" La bermita de San Yalerio se fundo por voto por una grande plaga de ratones que
entonces habia en aquel distrito y destruian las sementeras del maiz: la advocacion del
Santo salio por suerte, y la plaga ha cesado.

"2)e los pueblos de la jurisdicion en particular

" Catarama esta poblado junto al rio de Puerto Viejo, menos de un quarto de legua
de la ciudad : su nombre antiguo fue Jagua ; esta fundada en quadro con quince 6 basta
veinte casas, todas de paja ; su iglesia es del mismo material, dedicada a San Cristobal.

"Al principio, quando se i^oblo, se Uamo el Yalle; solia tener mucbos indios: agora no
le ban quedado de la descendencia de sus antiguos moradores mas de ocbo tributarios :
los demas que la babitan son indios de montaua reducidos alii : los indios deste lugar viven
de la caza y de pescar en el rio : siembran en las buertas y en las vegas platanos, yuca,
camotes, frisoles de la tierra y de Castilla y babas.

" Cbarapoto es antigua poblacion que antes de la entrada de los espafioles se llamaba
Japoto y tenia mucbos indios: banle quedado poeos de los natiirales; los mas que tiene
son parcialidades de otros pueblos que fueron reducidos alii por orden de Bernardo de
Loaisa, visitador general por el Yiery del Pirii. Las parcialidades reducidas son la de
Tosagua, Pasao y Ooncbipa. Al tiempo de la reducion fueron mas de doscientos quarenta
indios tributarios sin los reservados y cbusma: apocolos una peste de sarampion y
tabardillo. Las lenguas propias y antiguas de los moradores deste lugar son diversas :
los antiguos naturales bablan la suya; los de Tosagua, Concbipa y Toal otra, y los de
Pasao no tienen lengua comun sino es la castellana; la gente es mas politica que los de
otros pueblos de indios y tienen en el lugar maestro indio que enseiia a escribir. El
Pueblo esta en llano con una plaga grande y quatro calles en la forma de los pueblos
de espafioles con sus calles cercadas. En estos quatro quadros tiene cincuenta y cinco
casas de madera cubiertas de paja, cada parcialidad en su quadro de por si ; una iglesia de
San Esteban, casas de cabildo y carcel.

"Dista Charapoto de Lima trescientas leguas; de Quito ciento; de Guayaquil cuarenta

Saville: Antiquities of 3Icmahi, Ecuador 97

y cinco ; de Puerto Yiejo cinco, y otras tantas de Manta : tiene dos leguas de jurisdicion
hdcia los terminos destos dos lugares : el rio por alii no tiene puente ni pas age.

" Hacen los indios deste lugar las sementeras de maiz muy cortas y de las otras semi-
lias ; porque no suelen sembrar mas de dos 6 tres almudes de maiz para sustento de sn
casa, para lo qual cogen suflciente fruto en los aiios lluviosos : en los mas aiios les f alta y
envian uno de los principales a comprar maiz a Jipijapa y Picua9a y les suele costar ^ ocho
reales la hanega.

" Ganados tienen muy pocos. Tres indios hay ricos en este lugar que tienen algun
ganado ; pescan en el rio, no para gxangeria sino cada uno para su sustento.

" Una gTangerfa tienen particular de la cera que labran unas abejuelas pequeiias que
hacen sus panales debajo la tierra ; la miel es agTia y la cera amarilla y blanca ; s^canla
los indios y vendenla a los espaiioles a real la libra.

'• Parece que se les pudiera bien llamar a estas hormigas de miel, nombre que aun ^
todo genero de abejas les pertenece.

" En la medicina tienen tambien particularidad los deste lugar que se purgan con solo
el agua del mar y que sudan para el mal de bubas sin uncion ni otra cosa que mueva sudor,
sino con solo meterse en unos hornillos y dandoles fuego como estufas.

" El pueblo de San Pablo de Manta, que es el primer puerto del Piru, IMmase de San
Pablo : de ocho aiios a esta parte, luego que se descubrio, le llamaron los espaiioles Manta ;
los naturales le Uamaban antes Jocay.

" No se tiene memoria de su primera fundacion ; quando se descubrio era su cacique
uno llamado LUgua Tohali, que convertido, se nombro D. Gonzalo Lligua Toal.

"Dicen deste pueblo lo que de todos.los de indios, que tuvo muchos indios en su descu-
brimiento, y por enf ermedades y hambres ha venido a grande diminucion y particularmente
porque los primeros conquistadores maltrataron mucho a los caciques apretandolos para
que les manifestasen oro y esmeraldas. Tenia cerca este pueblo a una y a dos leguas
otros tres, Jaramijo, Camilloa, Cama : estos se redujeron en Manta, donde son parciaU-
dades de los mismos nombres : hizose la reduccion habra treinta y tres auos : tenian estos
quatro pueblos lengua propia y comun a ellos.

" La forma del pueblo es una calle larga, en que hay veintlsiete casas cubiertas de
madera y paja, una iglesia y una ermita.

" Hay cinco repartimientos de indios, y en cada repartimiento su cacique, y estan
encomendados a tres encomenderos.

" lifo siembran semillas ni legumbres ni otra cosa algima los indios deste lugar, ni
tienen ganados porque no hay pastes ni agua : la que beben es de unos pogos que estan
dos leguas del pueblo ; comen pescado y aves y algimos venados que cazan. El maiz
traen comprado de fuera : su distrito es dos leguas de tierra sin labor, Uena toda de unos
cardos muy espinosos : a dos leguas tienen una montaiia que llaman Monte Cristi, en que
hay arboles de leiia. Viven de la pesca y de Uevar a vender el pescado por la tierra, y a
los navios les venden agua y leua ; tambien traginan arar y mercadurias de Castilla hasta
Jipijapa, que dista nueve leguas, para donde dan caballos alquilados a los pasageros, y
llevan a ocho reales de alquiler por cada caballo : otro tanto gana un indio por ir a cabaUo
con cartas a toda diligencia : de aqui se proveen de agua los caminantes para pasar el
desierto.

" Hay en este distrito una yerba venenosa, que si la come un cabaUo se emborracha, y
si esta flaco se muere : el remedio es meter el cabaUo en el agua del mar.

" Hay una iglesia parroquial que llaman iglesia mayor^ un dotrinero sirve la dotrina
deste pueblo y el de Charapoto, repartiendo el aiio en la asistencia de cada lugar, que distan

98 Contributions to South American Archeology

cinco leguas por la playa del mar ; cosa es digna de remedio, porque no es posible que desta
manera los indios esten dotrinados, ni se les administren los sacramentos como convieiie.

" Llaman 4 este pueblo la Asuncion de Nuestra Senora de Picuaga ; redugeronse en el
otros pueblos 6 parcialidades : el sitio donde esta fund ado era un pueblo llamado Giguivi;
llamdse Picua9a, del nombre del cacique 4 quien aquellas parcialidades obedecian ; hizo la
reduccion un Ag°. de Almao, vecino de Puerto Yiejo, por comision del visitador Bernardo
de Loaysa : dicen babra quarenta j tres 6 quarenta y ocbo aiios que se fundo, y que los
indios que entonces habia en aquellas parcialidades 6 pueblos antes de la reduccion, eran
m^s de quinientos tributarios, sin las mugeres y cbusma que por enfermedades y otras
causas, a que generalmente suelen atribuir la diminucion de los indios, ban venido a muy
menor niimero; parece por el padron 6 descripcion que el ano de 1605 se bizo por mandado
del Consejo en una parcialidad que se llama de Misbain, se ballaban quince indios, los
doce casados, y entre todos no tenian mas de siete Mjos bembras y muchacbos ; en otra
parcialidad dicba de Solongo, se dice que no hay mas que el cacique, que es casado, y un
indio tributario viudo, y ambos sin bijos.

'■'■ El Pueblo de Picua§a esta f undado en tri^ngulo, y tiene al medio una plaza quadrada ;
las casas de vivienda son ochenta, becbas de palos y canas y cubiertas de paja: tiene a el
Oriente a Puerto Viejo, de que dista ocbo leguas; al Occidente, el mar que est4 ^ dos
leguas de Guayaquil, dista quarenta.

" El lugar esta f uera del camino real, y asi no es pasagero : para ir a Guayaquil salen
a Jipijapa: la tierra es liana y fertil de suyo, sino que est4 cubierta de Monte, que llegan los
montes hasta el mismo lugar. El temple inclina mas 4 frio que 4 caliente, porque bay dos
inviernos, que algunos aiios se alcanzan el uno al otro : el principal es por Febrero: llueve
entonces y bace soles muy recios, descubri^ndose a veces el cielo y poniendose muy claro :
el segundo inviemo comienga por Junio y suele durar basta Diciembre ; este es con unas
nieblas espesas y agua menuda con frio, que en todo este tiempo no cesan las nieblas ni se
descubre el cielo.

" Pasa por Picua§a un rio propio de solo aquel lugar, porque nace d^l 4 media legua y
corre hasta el mar, espacio de dos leguas y media. Nace de un manantial y corre siempre
en un ser, llano y sin charcos el agua de dos varas y media de ancho y quatro dedos de
hondo 6 alto, es muy buena de beber y no tiene otra el lugar: por ser tan poco hondo este
rio, ni cria pescado ni le entra del mar.

"Los 4rboles de la tierra son guacates, sapotes, caymitos, guayabas, pincaes: todos
estos silvestres y que Uevan fruta de comer: de Castilla hay membrillos, higueras, naranjos,
limas, limones en abundancia : todo se cria y frutiflca por los montes sin labor ni beneflcio
humano, mas de que a los membrilleros los podan cada ario: las frutas de que m4s se cogen
son membrillos y naranjas : estas todas dulces, que no las hay agrias.

" Hay tambien hortalizas de Castilla ; coles, cebollas, yerbabu^ena, culantro, peregil.

" El maiz siembran en rogas a estaca como en las otras partes : algunos afios cogen
menos del que ban menester, y se proveen de Jipijapa, donde les cuesta de seis a ocho
reales la hanega.

" En los montes hay venados, puercos gahinos, tigres, leones y unas que llaman guarda-
tinajas : aves hay pavas grasnaderas, faisanes, tortolas ; sabandijas ponzoiiosas, vivoras,
culebras, alacranes : las mas ponzoiiosas son las viboras.

" Tambien hay yerbas ponzofiosas con que los indios se matan unos 4 otros, pero no
son conocidas de todos, ni dicen los nombres dellas : toman para remedio la que llaman
contrayerba y el bejueco, cuyos polvos tambien bebidos en agua caliente y sudando con
ellos, aprovechan contra las mordeduras de las culebras.

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 99

"El lugar no es notablemente sujeto A enf ermedades : las que suele haber mas de
ordinario son c^maras y bubas : las camaras curan dando ^ beber los polvos de cierta
tierra blanca quemada ; para las bubas toman la 5ar9a, que la hay en la tierra.

" Saben la lengua castellana en general todos los indios deste lugar, y algunos cantan
diestramente canto de organo, pero solos dos dicen que habia que supiesen leer, el cacique
y otro.

" Su grangeria es saear cabuya para vender : labran alguna ropa de algodon, no mds
de la necesaria para su vestir y para la parte del tribute que se paga en lona.

" No hay ganado en este lugar mas de hasta veinte vacas.

" Tienen una iglesia parroquial que se llama de la Asuncion : su edificio es de madera
cubierta con barro y el techo de paja.

" Tambien hay una ermita de Santa CataHna ; no tienen la iglesia ni la ermita renta
ninguna : el dotrinero es un fraile del convento de la Merced de Puerto Viejo.

" Jipijapa es pueblo todo de indios ; llamanle San Lorenzo de Jipijapa : el nombre
Jipijapa tomo de un su antiguo cacique: habia dos pueblos deste nombre, dos legnias
distantes entre si ; el lugar en que agora esta esta reducion se llamaba Jipijapa la baja ;
no se redujo primero en este sitio ; su primera fundacion, hecha por orden del visitador
Loaysa, fue tres leguas de alii h^cia Puerto Viejo : trasladola 4 este sitio por mejor, dicen
que habra veintisiete aiios (en el 1605), un Juan de la Hinojosa, juez por comision de la
Audiencia de Quito : vinieron entonces a poblar doscientos sesenta indios, y en la primera
fundacion habian sido mas de 500 : ha venido en diminucion tambien el niimero menor,
por las enfermedades de sarampion y otras causas que comunmente suelen dar.

"El lugar esta en un llano entre dos cerros, fundado en quadro con quatro calles
principales y una plaza en medio: tiene ciento treinta casas; dista de Quito noventa
leguas; de Guayaquil treinta y quatro; de Puerto Yiejo ocho. La tierra es fragosa todo y
cubierta de monte hasta el mismo lugar, y no hay tierras lianas para sembrar : no es el
terreno esteril de suyo, sino por f alta de agua : los aiios humedos acude el maiz a ciento
veinte por f anega ; los frisoles & diez y 4 doce. Es du buen temperamento, sin escesos
de frio ni calor : en el invierno (que asi llaman al tiempo en que llueve) es mas caliente
que en el verano.

"Pasa junto al lugar un rio que nace quatro leguas de alii, de manantiales, y corre otras
tres hasta la mar; es de buena agua, de que beben mientras corre, y suele correr desde Fe-
brero a Noviembre, y algunos veranos no f alta; pero quando se seca, beben de pogos que abren
en la misma madre del rio: crece quando mas hasta un estado de agua, con lo qual no hace
dano, sino antes provecho : no cria pescado sino algunos camarones y las que llaman jaivas.

" Frutas de Castilla tienen no en mucha cantidad, pero de manera que no hay falta
dellas.

"Maiz les falta algunos anos; vanlo a comprar en los lugares cercanos, donde les
cuesta de seis a ocho reales, y algunas veces a doce.

" El pueblo es sano ; las enfermedades mas ordinarias que suele haber en 61 son males
de ojos, camaras de sangre, y calenturas. Curanse el mal de ojos alcoholandolos con el
5umo del cogollo de algarrobo y echando del mismo gumo en ellos : cubren el ramo tierno
con rescoldo, con lo qual se ablanda y remoUesce mdjanlo y esprimen el yumo. Para las
camaras de sangre, toman cantidad de un adarme de polvos de ciervo, bebidndolos en
tanto vino quauto cabe en un huevo ; y a falta de vino, en agua tibia. Para los calenturas
se sangran y se purgan, 6 con mechoacan 6 con lo que llaman contrayerba, de que usan
solo para esto, porque no conocen yerbas venenosas. Contra la mordedura de vfbora usan
giuno de tabaco.

100 Contributions to South American Archeology

"Las parcialidades redueidas en Jipijapa son ocho, cuyos nombres y numero de indios
quedan referidas arriba. Estan repartidas en siete encomenderos, que viven agora los
quatro en Guayaquil, dos en Puerto Yiejo y uno en Paita.

'' La gxangeria principal de los deste lugar es alquilar caballos a los pasageros hasta
Daule, que son veinticinco leguas ; llevan de alquiler por cada eaballo, el invierno veinti-
cinco rs,, y el verano veinte; al indio que va para volver los caballos pagan los dueiios
dellos a dos reales por cada eaballo : tambien se aproveclian de ir a Manta y traer en sus
caballos pescado para vender ; otros cazan venados y puercos gahinos y venden la came.

" Tenian diversas lenguas, cada parcialidad la suya : agora hablan todos una que ha
prevalescido, y mas comunmente hablan la castellana.

"Hay en el lugar una iglesia parroquial de San Ldzaro, y una ermita de Santa
Catalina." — Bescripcion de la Gobernacion de Guayaquil, pp. 276-309.

6 The complete account of Porto Viejo by Cieza de Leon is here given. It was
translated by Clements E. Markham, and published by the Hakluyt Society, London,
1864, under the title " The Travels of Pedro de Cieza de Leon, A.D. 1532-50. Contained
in the First Part of his Chronicle of Peru."

" The Indians of the province of Santiago de Puerto Viejo are not long lived ; and,
as regards the Spaniards, there are very few old men amongst them, though their number
has been thinned more by the wars than by sickness. . . . The ancients called this
the Torrid Zone, which is as much as to say the parched or toasted land, for the sun
moves over it all the year.

" The natives are of middle height, and have a most fertile land, yielding abundance
of maize, yucas, aji, potatoes, and many other roots which are useful for the support of
man. There are also plenty of guavas and aguacates, besides tunas of two kinds, one
white and of excellent flavor, cayniitos, and another fruit they call cerezilla. The melons
are of two kinds, also, those of Spain and those of the country, and there are all sorts
of beans and peas. The orange and lemon trees abound, also bananas, and piue-apples
of excellent flavor. There are great quantities of those pigs which (as I said before in
speaking of the port of Uraba) have the navel on the back, which, however, is not really
the navel, but some other thing that grows there. As they did not find a navel below,
they called this excrescence on the back a navel. The flesh of these pigs is very savory.
There are also pigs of the Spanish breed, and many deer with the most singularly delicate
flesh of any in Peru. Partridges, doves, pigeons, turkeys, and a vast number of other
birds are found ; among them one called Xiita, which is about the size of a large duck,
and which the Indians rear in their houses. These birds are tame and good to eat.
There is another bird called Maca, very little smaller than a cock. It is a beautiful
thing to see the colors of the plumage of this bird, and the beak, which is rather thicker
than a finger, is most distinctly divided into two colors, yellow and red. In the forests
they meet with foxes, bears, small lions, and some tigers and serpents, but they all fly
from men who do not first attack them. There are also night birds of prey, as well inland
as on the coast, such as condors, and the bird they call gallinazo, or aura. In the wooded
ravines and forests there are many trees, which are useful for building houses and for
other purposes. In some of these trees the bees make excellent honeycombs. The
Indians have fisheries where they kill many fishes, among which are fish called bonitos,
a bad kind of fish which causes fevers and other evils to those who eat it. In all parts
of the coast the men are afflicted with dark-colored excrescences, the size of nuts, which
grow on the forehead, nostrils, and other parts, and, besides being dangerous, they are

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 101

very disflgixring. These bumps are said to be caused by eating a certain fish. However
this may be, they are common on the coast, and, besides the natives, many Spaniards
have been afflicted with these bumps.

"In this coast and territory, subject to the city of Puerto Viejo and to that of
Guayaquil, there are two kinds of people. From the cape of Passaos and river of
Santiago to the town of Solango, the men are marked in the face, and the mark begins at
the root of the ear and descends to the chin, the breadth being according to each man's
fancy. Some mark the greater part of the face, and others less, much after the fashion of
the Moors. Both men and women wear mantles and shirts of cotton, and sometimes
of wool. They also wear a few ornaments, such as jewels of gold and very small beads,
called chaquira. In some provinces I have myself seen that the people put so high a
value on these chaquiras, that they will give their weight in gold for them, . . .

" The principal places where the Indians mark their faces in this province are Passaos,
Xaramixo, Pimpaguace, Peclansemeque, the valley of Xagua, Pechonse, Apechigue,
Silos, Canilloha, Manta, Sapil, Manaui, Xaraguasa, and others. Their houses are of
wood, roofed with straw, some small and others large, according to the means of the
owner." — Chap. XLVT, pp. 174-176.

'^ Many Indians say that the Lords Yncas never conquered, nor were able to bring
under their yoke, these natives of Puerto Viejo, of whom I am now treating, though others
affirm the contrary, saying that the Yncas subjugated them, and had them under their
orders. The latter say that Huayna Ccapac came in person to conquer them, and that,
having been disobedient in some particular, he made a law that they and their descendants
should have three of their front teeth pulled out in each jaw. They add that this custom
was preserved for a long time in the province of Gruancavilcas. In truth, as all vulgar
reports are confused, and as the common sort can never teU the plain facts, it does not
astonish me that they should relate these things, for in all things else the like reports are
spread abroad, and become the talk of the people, being in reality mere fables. I make
this digression here, that it may be borne in mind hereafter, for if things are repeated
over and over again they become tiresome to the reader. This, therefore, will serve to
give notice that many of the stories commonly reported among the people, concerning
events which have happened in Peru, are fables. As regards the natives, those who have
been curious in trying to learn their secrets know that what I say is the case. Concerning
the government, and the affairs of war and of state which have occurred, I only look
upon those principal men who were in high positions as authorities. These will relate
what occurred, and the sayings of the people.

" Eeturning to the thread of my narrative, I have to say (according to what I have
been given to understand by old Indians who were captains under Huayna Ccapac), that,
in the time of the great Tupac Tnca Tupanqui, his father, certain of his captains came,
with a force collected from the ordinary garrisons of the provinces, and, by their politic
arts, drew some of the chiefs to the service of Tupac Ynca Yupanqui. Many of them went
with presents to do him homage, and he received them with love and kindness, giving
them rich pieces of woollen cloth made in Cuzco. When they returned to their provinces,
they esteemed him so highly for his great valor, that they called him father, and honored
him with other titles, his benevolence and love for all being such that he acquired
perpetual fame among them. In order to instruct them in things appertaining to the
government of the kingdom, he set out in person to visit these provinces, and left
governors in them who were natives of Cuzco, that they may teach the people more
civilized customs, and other useful things. But these natives not only did not wish to

102 Contributions to South American Archeology

learn from those who remained in their provinces by order of Tupac Ynca Tupanqui, in
order to indicate to them a better mode of life, and to teach them agriculture ; but, in
payment of the benefits they had received, they killed them all, so that not one was left.
They killed them, although they had done no ill, nor had been tyrannical, so as to merit
such treatment. Tupac Tnca heard of this great cruelty, but he dissimulated, because,
for other important reasons, he was unable to chastise those who had so treacherously
murdered his captains and vassals." — Chap. XLYII, pp. 177-179.

"The people of Guancavilcas (so they say) used to pull out three teeth in each jaw,
the fathers doing it to their children when of very tender age, which they thought was no
evil, but rather a service very acceptable to their gods. They marry in the same way as
their neighbors.

" The chief ship is inherited by the son (according to the account which they gave
me), and, failing sons, then the next brother, and, failing brothers, the sons of the sisters.
There are some women who are good looking. Among the Indians of whom I am now
treating, the best-flavored maize bread is made in all the Indies. It is so good and well
kneaded that it is even better than some wheaten bread.

" In some villages of these Indians they have a great quantity of skins of men full
of ashes, the appearance of which is as frightful as those in the valley of Lile, near the
city of Call." — Chap. XLIX, pp. 181, 182.

" In this province also, the Lord of Manta had an emerald of great size and value,
which the people and their ancestors held in great veneration. On certain days it was
publicly displayed, and worshipped as if it contained some deity. On these occasions, if
any man or woman was sick, they performed a sacrifice, and then came forward to pray
to the stone. They affirm that the priest, who conversed with the devil, gave them to
understand that the stone would bring health to them in. requital for their offerings, after
they and other ministers of the devil had applied to it. People who were afflicted with
sickness came to Manta from all parts of the interior to offer gifts and perform sacrifices ;
and the Spaniards, who first discovered this kingdom, have told me that they found great
riches in this town of Manta, and that it always yielded more than those which bordered
on it to the encomienderos. They also say that, although threats and menaces have been
resorted to to discover where this great and rich emerald is concealed, they have never
been able to find it, nor will the natives betray the place if they are all kiUed, so great is
the veneration in which it is held.

" This town of Manta is on the coast. In the interior there are more villages and
more people, and they differ in language from those on the coast, but they have the same
food. The houses of those inland, called Serranos, are of wood and small, the roofs of
straw or palm leaves. They have some flocks of Peruvian sheep, but not so many as
there are in Qmto or in the province of Cuzco.

"The Serranos were not such sorcerers and magicians as the natives of the coast,
nor were they so wicked in practising the abominable sin. There is hope of some gold
mines in some of the rivers of these mountains, and there is certainly a very rich emerald
mine ; but although many captains have tried to discover it, they Iiave not succeeded, nor
will the natives tell them where it is. It is true that Captain Olmos is said to have
known where this mine was, but I think that surely he would have told his brothers
or some other persons. Certainly the number of emeralds that have been brought to
Puerto Viejo is very great, and they are the best in all the Indies; for though emeralds
are more numerous in the new kingdom of Granada, they are not so good, so that the best
there do not equal in value the most ordinary ones here.

Saville: Antiquities of Manahij Ecuador 103

" The Caraques formed another tribe. They are not laborers, and are less intelligent
than their neighbors, being a disorderly people, and making war for very slight causes.
When a child was born they put its head between two boards, so that at the age of four
or five, the head was long and broad, but flat behind. Not content with the heads that
God gives them, they thus make them into the shapes that please them most. They
themselves say that they force their heads into these shapes that they may be more
healthy, and be able to do more work. Some of these people, especially near the village
of Coltma, to the northward, go naked. They relate that Huayna Ccapac arrived here,
after having put to death the chiefs as far as Colima [Cojimies'?], where he ordered a fort
to be built. Seeing that the Indians went naked, he did not go any further, but returned,
leaving orders to his captains to conquer and subjugate as far as the river Santiago.

"Many of the Spaniards who came with the Adelantado Don Pedro de Alvarado
(especially the marshal Alonzo de Alvarado, and the captains Garcilasso de la Yega, Juan
de Saavedra, and another gentleman named Suer de Cangas) told me that when they
landed on the coast with the said Adelantado Don Pedro, and came to this village, they
found many vases full of gold, silver, and precious stones, besides a great quantity of
emeralds, so that they gained much wealth for their valor. But many said that the
emeralds were of glass; so, to try the question (for some considered they might be stones),
they determined to beat them with hammers, saying that if they were of glass they would
soon break, but if they were of stone the blows would have no effect. Thus, from want of
knowledge and experience, they broke many of these emeralds, and profited little by
having found them, if or did they enjoy their gold and silver, for they suffered much from
cold and hunger, and left their loads of treasure in the forests." — Chap. L, pp. 183-185.

" In all these affairs (as I have been told) the marshal Don Diego de Almagro showed
himself to be a diligent captain. When he arrived at the city of San Miguel it was made
known to him that, when the ships which came from Tierra Firme, and from the provinces
of Nicaragua, Guatemala, and New Spain, arrived on the coast of Peru, the crews landed
and did much harm to the natives of Manta, and of the coast of the province of Puerto
Viejo. To avoid these evils, and that the natives might be watched and protected, he
determined to send a captain to select a site where a town or city might be founded.

" He selected the captain Francisco Pacheco for this duty, and ordered him to set out
with the requisite number of followers. Francisco Pacheco, in obedience to his orders,
started from a village called Piquasa, and founded the city of Puerto Yiejo in the locality
which appeared to him most suitable. This was on the day of St. Gregory, the 12th
of March, in the year of the birth of our Eedeemer the Lord Jesus Christ, 1535, and he
founded it in the name of the Emperor Don Carlos our King and Lord.

" At first the city was called the new town of Puerto Viejo, and it is situated in the
most convenient and best part of the province, not very far from the South Sea. In many
districts belonging to this city of Puerto Viejo, they make deep holes for the burial of
their dead, which look more like wells than tombs. When they wish to inter a body, they
clear out all the loose earth. A large number of Indians then assemble, dancing, siaging,
and mourning, not forgetting to drink, and beating drums. After they have done all
these things, according to the custom of their ancestors, they lower the body down into
the deep tomb, and, if he is a chief or important person, they bury the most beautiful and
beloved of his women with him, besides jewels, food, and jars of wine made from maize.
They then place those thick canes which grow in the country over the hole. As these

104 Contributions to South American Archeology

canes are hollow they take care to fill them with that drink made of maize or roots, which
they call acca, because, being deceived by the devil, they believe (at least so they have
told me) that the dead man drinks of the liquor they put into the canes. This custom of
burying arms, treasure, and food with the dead, is practised in the greater part of these
newly-discovered countries ; and ia many provinces they also bury women and boys alive
with them." — Chap. LI, pp. 186-188.

" There are, however, reports concerning giants in Peru, who landed on the coast at
the point of Santa Elena, within the jurisdiction of this city of Puerto Viejo, which require
notice. I will relate what I have been told, without paying attention to the various
versions of the story current among the vulgar, who always exaggerate everything. The
natives relate the following tradition, which had been received from their ancestors from
very remote times. There arrived on the coast, in boats made of reeds, as big as large
ships, a party of men of such size that, from the knee downwards, their height was as
great as the entire height of an ordinary man, though he might be of good stature. Their
limbs were all in proportion to the deformed size of their bodies, and it was a monstrous
thing to see their heads, with hair reaching to the shoulders. Their eyes were as large as
small plates. They had no beards, and were dressed in the skias of animals, others only in
the dress which nature gave them, and they had no women with them. When they arrived
at this point, they made a sort of village, and even now the sites of their houses are
pointed out. But as they found no water, in order to remedy the want, they made
some very deep wells, works which are truly worthy of remembrance; for such are their
magnitude, that they certainly must have been executed by very strong men. They dug
these wells in the living rock until they met with water, and then they lined them with
masonry from top to bottom in such sort that they will endure for many ages. The water
in these wells is very good and wholesome, and always so cold that it is very pleasant to
drink it. Having built their village, and made their wells or cisterns where they could
drink, these great men, or giants, consumed all the provisions they could lay their hands
upon in the surrounding country ; insomuch that one of them ate more meat than fifty of
the natives of the country could. As all the food they could find was not sufficient to
sustain them, they killed many fish in the sea with nets and other gear. They were
detested by the natives, because in using their women they killed them, and the men also
in another way. But the Indians were not sufficiently numerous to destroy this new
people who had come to occupy their lands. They made great leagues against them, but
met with no success. . . . All the natives declare that God our Lord brought upon
them a punishment in proportion to the enormity of their ofEence. While they were all
together, engaged in their accursed ... a fearful and terrible fire came down from
heaven with a great noise, out of the midst of which there issued a shining angel with
a glittering sword, with which, at one blow, they were all killed, and the fire consumed
them. There only remained a few bones and skulls, which Grod allowed to remain without
being consumed by the fire, as a memorial of this punishment. This is what they say
concerning these giants, and we believe the account, because in this neighborhood they
have found, and still find, enormous bones. I have heard from Spaniards who have seen
part of a double tooth, that they judged the whole tooth would have weighed more than
half a butcher's pound. They also have seen another piece of a shin bone, and it was
marvellous to relate how large it was. These men are witnesses to the story, and the site
of the village may be seen, as well as the wells and cisterns made by the giants. I
am unable to say from what direction they came, because I do not know.

Saville: Antiquities of 3fanaM, Ecuador 105

" At the point of Santa Elena (which, as I have said before, is on the coast of Peru
within the jurisdiction of the city of Puerto Yiejo) there is a thing well worthy of note,
and this is that there are certain wells, or mines, of such excellent tar, that as many ships
as require caulking might be caulked with it. This tar must be some mineral which flows
out at this place, and it comes forth very hot. I have not seen any other mines of tar in
any of the other parts of the Indies which I have visited ; but I believe that Gonzalo
Hernandez de Oviedo, in the first part of the general history of the Indies, gives an
account both of this and of others. Nevertheless, as I am not writing concerning the
Indies generally, but only of the events which have taken place in Peru, I do not treat of
other parts. With this I shall conclude what I have to say concerning the city and
province of Puerto Viejo." — Chap. LII, pp. 189-192.

■> "We quote here the entire chapter of Garcilasso relating to Manabi, using Markham's
translation, published by the Hakluyt Society.

"THE GODS AND CUSTOMS OF THE MANTA NATION: THEIR CONQUEST,
AND OF OTHER YERT BARBAROUS TRIBES

" Huayna Ccapac set out for the sea-coast to prosecute the conquest which he had
planned. He came to the frontier of a province called Manta, where the harbor is which
the Spaniards called Puerto Yiejo. "We explained the reason why they gave it that name
at the commencement of this history. The natives, for many leagues along the coast to
the north, had the same customs and idolatry. They worshipped the sea and fishes, which
they killed in such abundance for their food. They also worshipped tigers and lions, great
serpents, and other reptiles, according to their fancies. Amongst other things, they
worshipped, in the valley of Manta, the principal place in the district, a great emerald,
which was said to have been as large as an ostrich's egg. They displayed it at their great
festivals, putting it out in public, and the Indians came from great distances to worship
and sacrifice to it, and to bring it presents of other smaller emeralds. For the Priests and
the Chief of Manta gave them to understand that this was the most agreeable offering the
great emerald could receive, as it looked upon the smaller ones as its daughters. This
covetous doctrine led to the collection of a gxeat number of emeralds in that town, where
they were found by Don Pedro de Alvarado and his companions, one of whom was my
Lord Garcilasso de la Yega, when they came to the conquest of Peru. They broke the
emeralds on an anvil ; for, not being good lapidaries, they said that if they were fine
stones, they would not break with the hardest blows that could be given to them. The
Indians concealed the one that was worshipped as a goddess as soon as the Spaniards
entered that country. It was so effectually hidden that, in spite of the great diligence
and numerous threats that have since been used, it has never appeared; as has been the
case with a vast quantity of other treasure that has been lost in that land.

" The natives of Manta and its district, particularly those on the coast (but not those
inland, whom they call Serranos), committed sodomy more openly and shamefully than
any other nation that we have hitherto mentioned as being guilty of this vice. Their
marriages took place under the condition that the relations and friends of the bridegroom
should enjoy the bride before her husband. They flayed the captives taken in war, and
flUed the skins with cinders, so that they appeared to be what they were, and, as a token
of victory, they placed them at the doors of their temples, and in the open spaces where
they celebrated their festivals and dances.

106 Contributions to South American Archeology

" The Ynca sent tliem the usual summons either to submit to his yoke, or to prepare
for war. The people of Manta had seen long before that it would not be possible for
them to resist the power of the Ynca ; and, although they had attempted to form a
defensive league with the neighboring tribes, they had not been able to agree amongst
themselves, because most of them were without law or government. They all, therefore,
submitted, without difficulty, to Huayna Ceapac. The Ynca received them kindly, giving
them presents, and appointing governors and miaisters to teach them their idolatries,
laws, and customs. He then advanced to another great province called Caranque. It
was inhabited by many tribes, all of whom were in a state of anarchy, without law or
government. He easily subdued them, for they neither desired nor were able to defend
themselves, by reason of the great power of the Ynca. He treated them as he had done
those of Manta, leaviag ministers to instruct them, and contiauing his conquests. He
then arrived at other districts which were peopled by tribes more savage and bestial
than any that had hitherto been encountered on the sea-coast. The men and women
punctured their faces with sharp-pointed stones, and deformed the heads of their children
at birth, by fastening a board in front and another behind, and tightening them every day
until the children were four or five years old. The object was to make the head wide
across, and narrow from the back part to the forehead. Not satisfied with flattening the
heads artificially, they shaved the hair off the crown and back, leaving it at the sides ;
and the remaining hairs were not combed and smoothed down, but curled and raised up,
to increase the monstrosity of their appearance. They maintained themselves by fishing,
being very expert fishermen, and on herbs, roots, and wild fruits. They went naked.
They worshipped the same things as their neighbors, as gods. These nations were called
Apichiqui, Pichunsi, Sava, Pecllansimiqui, Pampahuasi, and others. Having added them
to his empire, the Ynca marched onwards to another district called Saramissu, and thence
to another called Passau, which is exactly upon the equator. The natives of Passau are
the most barbarous people that were subdued by the Yncas. They had no gods, and did
not know what it was to worship. They had neither village nor house. They lived in the
hollow trees of the forests which densely cover their country. They had no special wives,
and did not know their own children, and they openly committed sodomy. They knew not
how to till the land, nor to make any useful thing. They went naked and punctured holes
round their lips. Their faces were divided into four divisions of different colors, yellow,
blue, red, and black, varying the colors according to each man's taste. They never
combed their hair, but wore it long and dishevelled, full of straw and dust, and of
anything else that fell upon it. In fine, they are worse than beasts. I saw them with
my own eyes when I went to Spain in the year 1560, for our ship stopped on that coast for
three days, to take in wood and water. Many of these people came out in balsas of their
reeds to trade with the ship's crew, selling large fish which they killed with their
harpoons. For so rude and barbarous a people, they did this with great dexterity, so that
the Spaniards, for the pleasure of seeing the sport, bought the fish before they were
kiUed. In exchange for the fish they asked for meat and biscuit, and did not want
money. They wore a cloth made of the bark or leaves of trees for the sake of decency ;
but this was done more out of respect for the Spaniards than from any sense of shame.
Truly these savages were the wildest people that it is possible to imagine.

" Huayna Ceapac Ynca, when he had seen them, and had convinced himself of the
worthless character of their land, so densely covered with sombre forest, as well as of the
bestiality of the filthy and savage inhabitants, and that it would be waste of time to
attempt the introduction of civilized ways, said, according to the account of his people :

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 107

*■ Let us return, for these people do not deserve that we should be their lord.' Having
said this, he ordered his army to retire, leaving the natives of Passau in as brutal and
savage a state as they were before." — First Part of the Royal Commentaries of the Yncas,
Yol. II, Book IX, Chap. VIII, pp. 440-444.

8 Benzoni, according to his own statement, was in Manabi during the summer of 1547.
In his " History of the New World, showing his Travels in America fi'om A.D. 1541 to
1556," he has given us one of the most interesting early accounts of this region as it
appeared shortly after the conquest. We quote in fuU from the Hakluyt Society edition,
translated by Eear- Admiral W. H. Smyth, what he writes about the province.

"While we were in sight of Cape San Francisco, a hundred and thirty miles from Capo
de Passao, which cape is near the limits of Puerto Viejo — thinking that district was
inhabited by Indians as formerly, all we passengers (being in want of provisions, for it was
already three months since we quitted Panama, and seeing that the merchants on board
would have rather let us die with hunger than give us a bit of bread) determined to go on
by land. Twenty -four of us, therefore, started at a venture, each carried four basins of
maize; and arriving at the Quisimie rivers, which are four, one beyond the other, with
great labor and danger we crossed them by tying some trees together, which we found on
their banks.

"The water is salt, for the sea, from the violence with which it washes on shore,
runs up all the rivers along this coast some fifteen miles inland ; so that when we wanted
to drink we were obliged to dig wells. On reaching Capo de Passao we found that the
Indians had burnt the houses, and were gone up to the woods. Getting to the other side
of the cape, we entered the gulf of Caraque, which lies under the equinoctial line ; but we
did not know how to proceed; not being able to cross over, and, having nothing better
to eat, we fed on crabs and yellow berries, which had so little flesh on them, that we ate
the kernels also, and drank the healthy water of a little lake which we found between the
woods and the beach. There we stayed twenty-two days, until the ship came to port; the
master concluding for certain that we had all died of hunger, or that the Indians had
destroyed us. But when he saw us, he immediately sent the boat; and resting in the ship
that night I started the following morning to go to Puerto Viejo. This town is inhabited
by Spaniards; it consists of twenty-two houses constructed with reeds and thatched with
straw. The province is nearly destroyed and ruined: the natives had a great many
emeralds, and keep the mines to themselves; for although the Spaniards have tormented
many of them to death, they have never revealed where they are. Yet I was told by a
maggiordomo of Captain Giovan Dolmos, that an Indian woman, his concubine, showed
him where one mine was situated, but he would not publish it lest the king should wrest it
from him for himself. They had also a very great number of vases of gold and silver, but
the Spaniards have seized everything; wherefore they now can only give their masters
what is produced in the country, and consequently few Spaniards live there.

"Whilst I remained ia that province, often for amusement I went amongst those
native villages, both inland and along the beach; and on one occasion, entering a hamlet
called Chiaropoto, I found the Indians making sacrifices in their temple, beating drums and
singing some of their songs. Desirous of witnessing, I went into the temple ; but as soon
as the ministers saw me, with great anger, and almost spitting in my face, they turned me
out. I perceived an idol, however, made of clay, shaped like a tiger, also two peacocks

#■

108 Contributions to South American Archeology

with other birds, which they had to sacrifice to their deities ; they might also have had
some lad, as usual among them, but I did not see him. Another day it happened that I
went to Picalanceme, where I found the inhabitants drinking. Wishing to stay and see
how they got drunk, four of them came up to me where I was standing, saying, in
Spanish — 'O thou villanous, treacherous Christian, go away from our country.' Seeing
that they intended to attack me, I drew my sword, but made my escape, determined never
more to go among those towns when they were celebrating a feast-day. I have been to
various villages, as for instance to Cama, Camuliova, Camuxiova, and other places, where
some of the Indians kill their children that they may not serve the Spaniards. It is
asserted as a fact, that the chiefs of Manta possess an emerald of the size of a hen's e,gg,
which they worship as one of their chief deities. This town is situated on the sea-shore,
and used to be one of the principal towns along that coast, containing above two thousand
inhabitants before the Spaniards went there, but now reduced to fifty. A similar fate has
befallen all the towns in that province. One day Lopez d'Aiala asked the chief of that
town whether ' He would become a Christian ? ' The man answered he did not know, but
that he (d'Aiala) might do as he liked. He therefore had him christened by the name of
Don Diego; yet, for all this, I never saw him look any Spaniard in the face. His vassals
are by nature ugly, dirty, unnaturally vicious, and full of every sort of malignity.

" Generally along this coast, the Indians living near the sea procure good water by
digging large wells for the purpose; and when they go from one place to another, each
man carries calabashes full of water. But when the Indians of Manta go to Puerto Viejo,
fearing lest they might meet some Spaniard who wotdd drink it for them, they prefer going
two miles inland, to get a stinking, black, dirty water that rises out of a rock; knowing
that the Christians will not drink that water. This country is hot and damp, nor is the
sky ever serene. There are a great many deer, pigs, and fowls of a Spanish breed; and
here they make better maize-bread than they do in any other part of India. Although
some say that it has an advantage over wheaten bread, I cannot agree to like it. A great
deal of honey is produced, but acid; nor is the wax very good. There is also a sort of fruit
resembling figs, called by the natives papaie, some large and some small, peculiar to this
kingdom, for I have never seen them in any other province: the tree is tall and delicate,
and the fruit is of a sweetish taste. There is also another sort of small figs, full of
prickles, called tanne; but these are found in other districts also, as Nicaragua, Guatimala,
and throughout the kingdom of New Spain.

" The Indians of the province of Puerto Viejo are generally subject to a disease called
berugue ; it assails the face and some other parts of the body ; the pustules are generally
of the size of a walnut. I have had my share of them. They give no pain, but are ugly,
and full of blood. There is no remedy but to let them ripen, and then cut them off
delicately with a thread. These people paint their faces. They make holes in their
nostrils, lips, ears, and cheeks, and then put jewels into them on feast-days. Their usual
dress is a shirt without sleeves. Some go quite naked, and occasionally they dye
(tingono) the entire body black.

" All along this coast the Indians are great fishermen. The boats they use are a kind
of raft, both for fishing or navigating, consisting of three, five, seven, nine, or even eleven
very slender timbers, forming a sort of hand {a modo d'una mano), with the longest in the
middle. They are made of various lengths, and thus they carry sails according to their
size; and a proportionate number of rowers. When they are becalmed at sea, they throw
bread, fruits, and other things overboard as a sacrifice, praying for a fair wind, they being
too tired to row any more.

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 109

" Beyond the limits of Puerto Viejo we enter the country of QuaneaviUqui, an inferior
province of the kingdom of Peru. The first village along the beach is called Colonchi ; it
is near the Point of St. Helena. I several times saw the head of that tribe ; he might be
about sixty years of age, and had truly the air of a chieftain. He was robust in body
and very healthy. He used to be drest in a shirt without sleeves, dyed red ; round his
neck he wore an ornament of the purest gold, six times double, like large corals ; on his
hand he wore a ring, also his ears were pierced and full of jewels and gold ; finally,
on his left wrist he wore a certain shining stone like a mirror, said to be a preserver of
the sight. At the time that the Spaniards entered that country, a chief governed this
province called Baltacho, who was very much respected and had great authority over his
vassals ; when people went to visit him he never rose on his feet, except when he saw
Colonchie, But no means were ever found to induce this latter cacique to listen to the law
of God ; so that one day when I heard his master say to him : ' Colonchie, I insist on thy
becoming a Christian,' he answered that on no account would he do so, adding : ' Sir, I
am now too old to become a Christian : take my children, teach them whatever you please,
they may serve you in your own way, but I will not abandon the law of my forefathers.'
These people sometimes draw five or six of their upper teeth, and when asked their reason
for so doing, they answer, 'That it is for beauty's sake {lofanno per hellezza).^ They wear
a small shirt without sleeves, like the natives of Puerto Viejo. From motives of decency
they wear a cotton band round their middle, one end of which hangs down behind nearly
to the ground, like a horse's tail. The women wear a cloth bound round (tin drappo groppito)
their waist, and hanging halfway down their legs." — History of the Neiv World, pp, 238-244.

9 Theodor Wolf, " Geografia y Geologia del Ecuador," pp, 505, 506, Suarez, follow-
ing the statements of the early writers, ascribes the departure of the Caras from the coast
to the unhealthy climate. Having spent six weeks in Manabi, we hold Wolf's opinion,
that the migration was made for other reasons,

1 " A, F, Bandelier, '^ Traditions of Precolumbian Landings on the Western Coast of
South America" (American Anthropologist, N,S,, Vol, 7, No, 2) and '-Traditions of Pre-
Columbian Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions in Western South America" (American
Anthropologist, E'.S., Vol. 8, No, 1),

1 1 We find in " Eelacion de los Primeros Descubrimientos de Francisco Pizarro y
Diego de Almagro " an interesting notice about the native vessels of the coast people of
Ecuador, It is given by Euiz, who, on Pizarro' s second expedition to the western shores
of South America, was sent southward to explore the coast. They captured a vessel of
the natives, which is described as follows.

" This vessel, which I say he took, appeared to be of as many as thirty tons ; it was
made after the manner and with a keel of canes as thick as posts, bound together by
ropes called 'henequen,' which is like flax, and the upper parts of other canes more
slender bound with the same ropes, where they placed their persons and the merchandise
together, as the hold was with water. It had its spars and masts of very handsome wood,
and sails of cotton of the same description, like those of our ships ; and very good fishing-
tools of the same henequen mentioned, that is like flax ; and for anchors stones after the
manner of barber's grinding stones," — Bocumentos Ineditos para la Historia de Espana, Vol. V.

Father Cobo also described the larger vessels of this coast. He says, —

" The largest balsas used by the Peruvian Indians that live close to the forests, like
those of the ports of Payta, Manta, and Guayaquil, are composed of seven or nine or more

110 Contributions to South American Archeology

timbers of palo de balsa in this manner, that they tie them one to the other lengthwise with
lianas or ropes, over others crosswise. The one in the middle is longer at the prow than
the others, which become smaller in proportion as they recede on the sides. The middle
one is longest at the prow, so that at the prow they are like the fingers of an extended
hand, whereas at the stern they are equal. On these they build a platform of boards so
that the people and cloth that go in it may not get wet from the water entering through
the joints of the timbers. They navigate on the sea with sails and oars, and some are so
large as easily to accommodate fifty men." — Sistoria del Nuevo Mundo, Vol. IV, p. 221.

1 2 Zarates' account of the giants is as follows : —

''CAPITULO y

"De los Veneros de Fez que hay en la Punta de Santa Mena, y de los Gigantes que alii hubo

" Cerca desta provincia, en una punta que los espa&oles llamaron de Santa Elena, que
se mete en la mar, hay ciertos veneros donde mana un betun que paresce pez o alquitran,
y suple por ellos. Junto a esta punta, dicen los indios de la tierra que habitaron unos
gigantes, cuya estatura era tan grande como cuatro estados de un hombre mediano. No
declaran de que parte vinieron ; mantenianse de las mesmas viandas de los indios, espe-
cialmente pescado, porque eran grandes Pescadores ; a lo cual iban en balsas, cada uno en
la suya, porque no podian llevar mas, con navegar tres caballos en una balsa ; apeaban la
mar en dos brazas y media ; holgaban mucho de topar tiburones o buf eos, o otros peces
muy grandes, porque tenian mas que comer ; comia cada uno mas que treinta indios ;
andaban desnudos por la difieultad de hacer los vestidos ; eran tan crueles, que sin causa
ninguna mataban muchos indios, de quien eran muy temidos. Yieron los espaiioles en
Puerto Viejo dos figuras de bulto destos gigantes, una de hombre y otra de mujer. Hay
memoria entre los indios, descendiendo de padres en hijos, de muchas particularidades
destos gigantes, especialniente del fin deUos ; porque dicen que bajo del cielo un mancebo
resplandesciente como el sol, y peleo con ellos, tirandoles llamas de fuego, que se metian
por las penas donde daban, y hasta hoy estan alii los agujeros seiialados ; y asi, se fueron
retrayendo a un valle, donde los acabo de matar todos. Y con todo esto, nunca se dio
entero credito a lo que los indios decian cerca destos gigantes, hasta que siendo teniente
de gobernador en Puerto Yiejo el capitan Juan de Ohnos, natural de Trujillo, en el alio de
543, y oyendo todas estas cosas, hizo cavar en aquel valle, donde hallaron tan grandes
costillas y otros huesos, que si no parescieran juntas las cabezas, no era creible ser de
personas humanas ; y asi, hecha la averiguacion y vistas las seiiales de los rayos en las
peiias, se tuvo por cierto lo que los indios decian ; y se enviaron a diversas partes del
Peru algunos dientes de los que alii se hallaron, que tenia cada uno tres dedos de ancho y
cuatro de largo. . . . Tienese por cosa cierta entre los espaiioles, vistas estas sefiales,
que por ser, como dicen que era, esta gente muy dados al vicio contra natura, la Justicia
divina los quito de la tierra, enviando algun ^ngel para ello, como se hizo en Sodoma y en
otras partes ; y asi para esto como para todas las otras antigiiedades que en el Peru se
saben, se ha de presuponer la difieultad que hay en la averiguacion ; porque los naturales
ningun g6nero de letras ni escritura saben ni usan, ni aun las pinturas, que sirven en lugar
de libros en la Nueva-Espana, sino solamente la memoria que se conserva de unos en otros;
y las cosas de cuenta se perpetuan por medio de unas cuerdas de algodon, que llaman los
indios qxoippos, denotando los numeros por nudos de diversas hechuras, subiendo por el
espacio de la cuerda desde las unidades a decenas, y asi dende arriba, y poniendo la cuerda
del color que es la cosa que quieren mostrar; y en cada provincia hay personas que

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 111

tienen cargo de poner en memoria por estas ciierdas las cosas generales, que llaman quippo
camaios ; y asi, se hallan easas publicas Uenas destas ciierdas, las cuales con gran f acili-
dad da <1 entender el que las tiene 4 cargo, aunque sean de muchas edades antes del." —
Historia del Descubrimiento y Conquista de la Provincia del Peru, pp. 465, 466.

^ 3 BoUaert lias the following about the abandonment of the coast region by the
Caras, and regarding the giants.

" Two reasons are given, one to escape from the said-to-be giants of Manta, who, we
are told, came to the coasts on floats of rushes; the other that Cara was unhealthy.

" Tradition adverts to the giants who lived near Manta, 0° 57' S., and Punta Santa
Elena, 2° 11' S. ; these killed the men of Cara to obtain possession of their women.
Pizarro saw ruins attributed to the giants, also deep wells sunk through rock, and stone
statues eight feet high, some naked, others with mitres and priestly insignia. Montesinos
(not the best of authorities) says that, under the twelfth Inca, according to his list, giants
entered Peru, settling at Punta Santa Elena and other places ; they became very wicked,
when the divine wrath annihilated nearly the whole of them. Some fled towards Cuzco,
but were met by the Inca, and dispersed at Lima-tambo." — Antiquarian, Ethnological, and
Other Researches in New Granada^ Equador, Peru, and Chile, p. 79.

1 * Juan y UUoa, " Eesumen Historico del Origen y Succession de los Incas." — Appendix
to Belacion Historica del Viage a la America Meridional, Yol. IIII, p. li.

1 ^ Huayna Capac reigned from 1487 to 1525, according to Fray Marcos de Mza in his
work, "Dos Lineas de los Senores del Cuzco y del Quito," — a work from which Velasco
makes copious quotations, and of which the original manuscript appears to be lost.

1 « Cieza de Leon, op. cit., Second Part, pp. 209, 211. Montesinos, in his " Memorias
Antiguas Historiales y Politicas del Peru," in the chapters relating to the doings of the
Inga Huira Cocha, states that, after the Inca had conquered the inhabitants of the Island
of Puna, the victory caused " so much alarm in aU the land, because of the reputation for
valor of the inhabitants of Puna, that all of the neighboring tribes, especially those of
Porto Yiejo, sent messengers to the Inca as Son of the Sun. Before, when the Inca sent to
the port his ambassadors imploring peace, the people had delayed replying many days, con-
sulting with their soothsayers, and saying that they would not admit him as lord. They
planned to kill the messenger, who learned of it, and secretly returned, giving an account
to the Inca of their mission. The Inca himself finally determined to go to Porto Viejo.
When he arrived there he saw eight balsas, and in them many warriors. Finally he suc-
ceeded in conquering the people of Porto Viejo and the other adjoining provinces. In an
island near the province, a governor erected a sumptuous temple, acknowledging the South
Sea as a gTeat deity. This island is called to-day the Island of La Plata or of Santa Clara."
Fo other writer refers to Huira Cocha, or, as it is often spelled, Yiracocha, in connection
with the coast people. Montesinos is probably mistaken. It should be Huayna Capac.

!■' Juan de Yelasco, •' Historia del Eeino de Quito en la America Meridional, Ano de
1789," Tomo II, Parte II, p. 14, que contiene la Historia Antigua.

1 8 The historical and archeological studies of Archbishop Federico Gonzalez Suarez
are the most valuable modern works on Ecuador. In the Bibliography will be found the
titles of his more important publications.

112 Contributions to South American Archeology

1 9 On this subject consult op. cit., first part of Note 11, and Pedro Pizarro, " Eela-
ciones del Descubrimiento y Conquista de los Eeynos del Peru," published in Vol. V of the
<' Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos para la Historia de Espana."

8» Antonio de Herrera, "Historia General de los Hechos de los Castellaiios en las Islas
y Tierra Firme de Mar Oceano."

2 1 Pedro Sancho, "Eelacion de la Conquista del Peru," p. 401. Translated from the
Italian (published by Eamusio) by Joaquin Gardia Icazbalceta.

2 2 Yelasco writes, that the towns of Porto Vie jo and Manta were both established in
the same year, and gives the date 1534. The date is evidently a misprint for 1535, which
he gives in his "Historia Antigua," and is the date which we find in other documents. His
statement is as follows.

" The two towns, Porto Viejo and Manta, were founded in 1534, a short distance from
each other. The first, with the name of the city of Manta, was built at the maritime
port anciently called Cancebi; the other, with the title of the city of San Gregorio de
Porto Viejo, was to the east of Manta near the banks of the river of the same name." —
Historia Moderna, p. 116.

2 3 The writer of the " Eelacion General de las Poblaciones Espanoles del Peru hecha
por el Licenciado Salazar de Villasante," states that, when he was in the city of Porto
Viejo (in the year 1566), an irruption of a volcano between El Atacunga and Mulahalo,
that is, Cotopaxi, took place, and that " the ashes reached from where he stood to Porto
Viejo, and it rained ashes several days, as in Quito, which accumulated on the ground
to the height of a finger." He devotes a chapter to Porto Viejo and Manta. From it we
take the following notes. At that time the city of Porto Viejo had seventeen houses,
a monastery, and the houses of the cabildo. He says, "It was a very hot place, like
Guayaquil, it rained very much for six months, which was the winter; which begun in
October, and sometimes lasted even eight months. There were really only four months of
summer. Porto Viejo is six leagues from the Port of Manta, where all the ships stopped
which came from Los Eeyes (Lima) on the way to Panama. In Manta there is a church,
and near by, at a distance of a shot of a cross-bow, is the town of the Indians, whose
primitive name was Jocay." According to this report, " it was the custom of all the
Spanish ships of that period to stop here to take ends and fish and also water, which they
bought from the Indians. There is a great lacking of water in the summer, and then the
Indians drink from some lagoons which remain from the winter and from a well or two
which are half a league from the town." He further states that these lagoons were made
by hand, and that aU the water which the Indians used came from these lagoons and from
two wells.

2* According to Juan y Ulloa, the town of Monte Cristi was first founded where
Manta is now located, and bore this name until it was destroyed by pirates, and the
present town established.

2" The title of this document is, "Eelacion de los Indios Tributarios que hay al
Presente en Estos Eeinos y Provincias del Peru, fecha por Mandado del Senor Marques
de Canete la Cual se Hizo por Luis de Morales Figueroa, por el Libro de las Tasas

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 113

de la Yista General y por las Eevistas que despues se ban Hecho de Algunas Kegimientos
que las lian Pedido, y Eazon de las Tributes que Pagan en Cada un Alio a sus Encomen-
deros y lo que Nuevamente ban de Pagar de Servico A S. M. por el Quinto, Conforme a
suEeal Cedula fecha en el Pardo A 1° de Novlembre de 1591, la Cual Dicha Eelacion se
Saco por Provincias en Esta Manera." In "Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos de ArcWvo
de Indias," Vol. VI, p, 48, is tbe following list of towns and the number of Indians paying
tribute in the Distrito de Pu.erto Yiejo : Picoacan, 252; Apechinque, 122; Pipay, 106;
Apelope, 99; Passao and Patagua, 78; Catarama, 74; Xipexapa baja, 80; Xipexapa alta,
61; Tocaguas and Cancabo, 46; Banchal, 42; Pillacagua, 41; La Conchipa and Toal, 40;
Pimpaguaci, 33; Indios del Yalle, 30; Manta, 29; Calangos, 19; Xamixon and Monte
Cristo, 16; Charapoto, 15; Paiquili, 14; Picalanceme, 12; Misbaique, 10; Cupilde, Lebique,
and Malagua, 9; Cama, 9; Camilloa, 7.

2 6 Velasco's original text is : —

"Manta, grande, pero casi desierto, el cual se dilataba desde la Punta de Santa
Elena hasta la ensenada de Charapoto. Este fue a los priucipios de la era cristiana
(segun dije en la Historia natural) el teatro de la espantosa raza de los gigantes. EUos
consumieron en parte, y en parte hicieron retirar a las naciones americanas, que antes de
ellos habian poblado aquel pais. Extinquidos los gigantes se volvio a poblar, aunque
poco, de las otras razas comunes divididas en nueve tribus, compuestas de los residuos
de diversas naciones, las cuales se unieron como en una sola, aunque conservando sus
propios nombres de Apichiquies, Cancebis, Charapotoes, Pichotas, Picoasaes, Pichunsis,
Manabies, Jarahusas y Jipijapas. Se duda si los Yzapiles eran de este o del siguiente
Estado.

" Cara, mucho mayor, el cual se dilataba desde la ensenada de Charapoto, hasta el cabo
de San Francisco, Este fue el primer teatro de la nacion extrangera que se establecio on el,
viniendo como los gigantes por el mar. Su principal cabeza 6 Eegulo, llamado Caran, dio
el nombre de Cara a la ciudad que fundo sobre la bahia, donde arribo con su gente, por la
cual tomo tambien el nombre Bahia de los Caraques. Llegaron estos navegando en
grandes balsas, hacia el ano de 700 u 800 de la era cristiana. Establecidos y propagados
aqui por bastantes aflos, fueron peregrinando a la parte del norte, siguiendo solamente las
costas, y poco o nada tierra adentro, hasta que finalmente pasaron a Quito por el rio
de Esmeraldas.

" Despues que dejaron enteramente los paises de Cara, se volvieron a dilatar hasta las
costas del mar, las tribus de las otras naciones, que habitabon tierra adentro, las cuales
todas se reconocieron despues con el mismo nombre de Caras, que heredaron de los extran-
geros. La tribu que en lugar de ellos se establecio en la bahia, y habito en la abandonada
ciudad de Cara, tenia la particularidad de comprimir y prolongar las cabezas de los ninos,
como los Omaguas del Maranon. Las otras tribus fueron de Apecignes, Caniloas, Chones,
Pasaos, Silos, Tosahuas, y Jahuas." — Historia del Eeino de Quito en la America Meridional,
Ano de 1789, pp. 4, 5.

2 '' Juan y UUoa, op. cit., p. Ivi.

2 8 See Note 6.

2 » Dorsey, " Archeological Investigations on the Island of La Plata, Ecuador."

114: Contributions to South American Archeology

3 0 Suarez writes as follows : —

"We thiak that in remote times there arrived in the Ecuadorian territory immigra-
tions of various people, among which there appear to have been the Quiches of Guatemala
and the Mayas of Yucatan. The Quiches reached the Gulf of Jambeli ; gaining the coast
of Machala, they entered the province of Azuay, and looking for a place well fitted for life,
they established themselves in protected valleys. The Mayas did not cross the western
Cordilleras, and remained on the Island of Puna on the coast of Manabi." — Atlas Arque-
ologica Heuatoriano, Text, p. 20.

Again, he says, —

" Among the emigrations to the Ecuadorian coast we find also undoubtedly a Maya
colony which was established between Manta and Santa Elena, and on the Island of Puna.
The port of Manta, in the tongue of the aborigines, was called Jocay. If we have at
present the ancient name in the Spanish orthography, we see that, in the native language
of the aborigines of Manta, the first syllable should be aspirated; we then have the
equivalent ' ho,' which in the Maya of Yucatan signifies ' entrance ; ' ' cay ' in the same
idiom would be ' fish.' Thus we have Jocay interpreted as ' entrance of fish,' a very proper
expression to designate a seaport like Manta. In the same port of Manta the coast people
adored as a god of health a great emerald, which, according to Spanish historians, was
called ' Umina.' This name may be the equivalent of the following expression in Maya
language: 'Uminhah' is 'the true grandmother of them.' 'Mim,' 'grandmother.' 'Hah,'
adjective, which, among other significations, means ' true.' ' U,' which is the possessive
pronoun, and corresponds to 'his' or 'theirs.' And this signification is in accordance
with the history, as we know that to the goddess Umina or Umina were offered small
emeralds, saying they were the greatest gift because the deity was the mother or creator
of all emeralds.

"The Charopoto of to-day was 'Hapoto' in the language of these people. Eecon-
structing this word according to Maya, we have 'Ahppotoc,' that is, 'savannah,' 'which
rises little by little.' 'Toe' is 'level land' or 'level plain.' 'Ppo' is 'that which rises' or
'that which is elevated little by little.' 'Ah' is an affix which is equivalent to a definite
article."— Pp. 38-40.

" As we are treating of historic investigations we should not pass without considering
even the most insignificant circumstances, and our attention is called to the name given
to the point where the artesian wells are found near Jipijapa; this site is still called
Choconcha. What is the significance of this word ? To what American language does it
pertain ? Clearly we know that it is not Quichua nor Aymara, neither is it Yunga. We
give here a conjecture which is not destitute of foundation: Choconcha is a word
compounded of three elements ; Chob in the Maya language signifies a vase and also a
hole with water; con in the same language means a deep vessel; chaac in Maya, among
other various significations, has also that of water; Choconcha may be then, Chob-con-
chaac, a word equivalent to ' a hole of deep water in the form of a vessel,' or, ' a deep
vessel with water, made in the manner of a hole in the earth.' Chad may be, according to
this, Chaac-he, which signifies 'here is water;' because he is the adverb of place which
might be translated by here is. Gandil may be perhaps kaan-hi; hi, demonstrative
pronoun, this or that ; Man, adjective which may be translated as manifest or self-evident.
This is self-evident. And in fact, in this place, as is f oimd in the upper part of Cordillera,
the abundance and freshness of the vegetation give unquestionable signs of the presence of

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 115

water. If our philological interpretations do not go very far astray, then we must give to
the famous Mayas of Yucatan the credit for these artesian wells on the coast of Ecuador.

" The physical conditions of the soil are similar in Manabi and in Yucatan ; here,
and there are not more than two rivers, and there we find deep wells for the supply
of water." — Historia General de la Bepublica del Ecuador, Tom. I, pp. 260, 261.

31 VUlavicencio, op. cit.

3 2 Suarez, op. cit.

3 3 See article by Charles "Wiener, " The Colorado Indians and the Stone Chairs from
the Manabi Eegion " (Revue d'Ethnographie, Tom. I, pp. 454-458, Fig. 176. Paris, 1882).

3 4 Suarez gives a very poor illustration of one of the seats of the human figure type
in Fig. I A, Lamina XXV, of his " Atlas Arqueologica Ecuatoriano." In the text accom-
panying the Atlas, pp. 132-135, he gives a minute description of this seat, as follows : —

" Stone seat which is one of those which are found in such abundance in the province
of Manabi. It appears that the natives not only had them in Cerro de Hojas, but also in
their particidar habitation. The seat whose figure we present in our plate is not the best
nor the most suitable among the many which are stUl preserved in the towns and
provinces of Manabi and Guayaquil, but it is the only one which we have wished to give
as an example of these objects. These consist of three parts, which are : the seat, the
support, and the base. The seat has an arch of stone, wide and resting, with its ends
worked so as to protect the arms ; the borders of this arch are adorned with work in some
seats, but in the greater part of these they are plain and without any adornment.

" The support is the most curious and important part of the seat, as it is always
formed by the body of a man, a woman, or an animal lying on its breast, resulting that
the seat rests in the middle of the back or on the shoulder ; the legs are drawn together
and the arms sometimes are half contracted in front of the breast. . . . The fists are
always closed and the head and the face elevated, looking from the front. The animal
ordinarily represented in these supports of the seats is a mammal, a feline, which cannot
be other than the American tiger.

'' The base of all these seats is a square plate without decoration and any work. As
we see, these seats need a back, but this does not leave them without being commodious,
and above all, fresh and very well conditioned for the warm climates of the Eastern coast.

'' It is not possible to determine now if the selection of the figure with which the
support is carved remains the caprice of the worker, or if they select fixed rules
established beforehand by religious beliefs, or by the customs or civil practices of
the tribe. Considered under the point of view of art, these seats are the only important
remains of the attempts at sculpture and statuary which remain to us from the ancient
Ecuadorian nations. Some of these are very rude and imperfect, but others are notable
for the correctness of execution ; one particularly which we saw, which is stUl in the same
Cerro de Hojas, merits to be called the master work of the aboriginal Ecuadorians. It
represents a woman with a crown and the belt of modesty; the parts of the nude body
reveal easiness of execution and attentive observation of nature. The material of which
these seats are made is a Gres, very hard, and abundant in the mountains of the province
of Manabi.

116 Contributions to South American Archeology

" Cerro de Hojas was a very important place in the province, and without any doubt
was destined for re-union and religious assemblies of the towns of the district. The land
of Manabi is liable to be inundated in winter, and perhaps for this motive the natives
hunted elevated points, less inconvenient in the time of the rains. The number of these
seats was very considerable; for as we consider the many which have been taken to
carry out of the Eepubbc to various foreign points, and also the many which have been
broken, there still remain a great number of these, such as in the aboriginal church, in the
Pueblo of Picoaza, in Jipijapa, and in various other points." ^

3 5 Bamps's description of the Brussels seats is as follows.

" Two chairs of very hard stone, although rather porous, known under the name of
chairs of the Incas. They have been discovered in the province of Manabi, and were
found deeply buried in the ground. The seat and the supporting arms, in form like a
large and very short horseshoe with the ends turned up, rests on the back of a crouching
Indian ; the head is well sculptured in Fig. 2, more defaced in Fig. 1 (Plate 1) ; the body
is only roughly hewn. Fig. 1, height, 0.582 ; width, 0.675 ; depth, 0.27. Fig. 2, height,
0.84; width, 0.70; depth, 0.30.

"The province of Manabi formed part of the ancient kingdom of the Canaris. It is
enclosed between the Pacific Ocean and the Cordillera of the Andes, and extends, with a
width of ten leagues, between the 1st and the 3d degree of south latitude. The most
ancient known population of this region were the Tungas, conquered and driven out
by the Incas : they were replaced by the Colorado Indians, who take their name from the
red color with which they were in the habit of coating the body.

" These chairs, of so remarkable a conception, appeared to be a specialty of the native
art of the Caiiaris. M. de Yille has seen several armchairs of stone without back, and of
the same sort, at Guayaquil. He has been able to establish an absolute identity in their
monumental forms ; all, however, do not come from the same spot, but all belong to the
same region. That peculiar piece of furniture whose use it is difllcult to guess, afldrms in
an indisputable manner the advanced civilization to which it owes its origin. That which
will especially attract the attention of the archeologist is not the oddness of the form, nor
the refined taste which it shows, but the characteristics of the artistic sculptures which
the work reveals; these characteristics, in fact, are quite different from those which
one observes on the Inca monuments, and yet they are in no wise inferior to them."

3 6 Dr. Uhle gives the following description of the stone seat in Dresden.

" The chair, worked out of a single stone, consists of a U-formed seat, a human figure
crouching on knees and elbows, which bears the seat on its back, and a four-cornered
bottom-plate (or base). The seat, broader below, becomes narrower toward the top because
of the backward slope of the anterior edge of the sides. The horizontal inner portion of
the seat is hollowed out Like a trough, as best corresponds to the convex form of the part
of the human body concerned.

"The sides converge above, and have on the upper edge a broad, flat, outward
expansion. Since the human form is broader below than at the breast, and a certain

1 " It appears to us at this point indispensable to make a historical rectification. Sir Charles Wiener says, in his work
entitled Peru and Bolivia, that these seats are the work of the Cafiaris. This is inexact ; the Cafiaris populated the inter-
Andean territory of Azuay in the southern part of our Kepublic, and these seats we find only in the province of Manabi, in
the west of Ecuador, in the coast region of the Pacific, where until now no remains have been discovered of the Cafiaris.
Another thing which is worthy of attention is that of the relation of the origin of precedence, which without doubt existed
between the Cafiaris and some of the ancient native tribes of Manabi."

SaviJJe: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 117

narrowing of the sides above, together with the side expansion, furnished a better support
for the arms, one also recognizes in this hist peculiarity of the chaii' the most suitable
provision for the attainment of the greatest comfort of the person sitting therein.
Certainly one can sit as comfortably in hardly any other chair as in this one of stone.

"The seat rests in part on the head of the human figure, in part on a four-cornered
piece which joins the seat with the back of the human flgtu-e. This last is angular in
body, arms, and legs. The four fingers are bent inward at the palm, and, since the hands
stand on edge, appear in a row over each other. The thumbs can be recognized lying
above them, stretched out toward the front. The well formed head is rounded on the
facial side. The body, as a result of its position, appears slightly lower behind. The eyes
and mouth are incised, the ears project on the side, the nose is defective.

" On the forehead is seen the edge of a cap-like covering, with a sharp upper edge,
which perhaps extends on to the back part of the head underneath.

"The dimensions of the chair are as follows: Height, 85 cm.; breadth, 75 cm.; height
above ground of the level of the seat at the anterior edge, 55 cm. ; inside breadth of seat
below, 40 cm., above, 36 cm.: length of seat (from front to back), below ca., 40 cm., above
ca., 30 cm.; height of the sides above the lowest portion of the surface of the seat, 32 cm.;
breadth of the flat upper expansion of the sides, 20 cm.; thickness of the sides, 9-10.5 cm.;
length of the human figure, 39 cm. ; breadth, 31 cm. ; height, 25 cm. ; length of the bottom
plate, 28 cm. ; breadth, 45 cm. ; height, 9 cm. (Andesite ?) "

3'' Dr. Hamy has described the seats, collected by Wiener, in the Trocadero, as
follows.

" Plate XXXII represents still two other objects no less characteristic than that
which I have just described.

" Almost all the large museums of Europe possess examples, more or less well pre-
served, of these heavy monolithic chairs in stone, discovered in Manabi, and notably in
the neighborhood of Manta.

" The galerie americatae (American gallery) of the Trocadero has received two of
these stone chau-s, the first from Dr. Alcide Destruges of Guayaquil, who has lately
made some archeological researches in different parts of the EepubUc of Ecuador ; the
second from IVIr. Charles Wiener, who has held for several years the position of French
vice-consul at this same port of Guayaquil, and whose extensive journeys across South
America have been very fruitful for our ethnographical collections. (Compare Ch.
Wiener, ' Les Indiens Colorados et les Sieges de Pierre de la Eegion de Manabi,'
Bevue cC EihnograpMe, Vol. I, pp. 455-458, Fig. 176, Paris, 1882. Mr. Wiener found
this chair eleven and a half leagues north of Manta, July 26, 1882.) These two pieces,
as all the other monumental pieces of the same character collected in Manabi, have
the form of a TJ whose arms may be of unequal height, the right arm being higher
than the left, the difference amounting to 4 cm. in the first chair, and in the second
to 6 cm. The difference between the two arms is at the same time a little larger in
front than behind, and although in the first case the distance to the top is 0.34 m.
behind, it reaches 0.36 m. in front : in the second case the same measurements amount
respectively to 0.345 m. and 0.395 m.

" To conclude, these two chairs are of an exactly similar type, which is, moreover,
always reproduced in other similar objects. They differ, indeed, only in the support,
which in one case is a man, and in the other a fantastic quadruped rather difficult to
determine. It is perhaps a puma.

118 Contributions to South American Archeology

" The liuman figure of tlie chair of the Destruges Collection rests on its elbows and
knees, and supports all the weight of the stone TI on its shoulders and back. The animal
which supports the chair of Mr. Wiener rests on the outward side of the legs ; and the
foot, armed with large claws, is folded in toward the breast, but it has a smooth face
somewhat distorted, in that the teeth show in a disagreeable manner and the two long
pointed ears stand erect. It has a neck-ornament exactly similar to that of the bas-relief
of the preceding plate. The paws are shut up, the shoulders carried forward, forming
two flat disks at the sides of the head. The elbows touch the knees, forming a sort of
X : indeed, arm and leg are poorly indicated, and scarcely detached from the mass.

" It is on the whole a coarse and rude piece of work, identically the same as is found
on aU the U-shaped stone carvings we know.

"Mr. Wiener attributes the stone chairs of Manta to what he calls the art of the
Caiiaris, 'whose kings had their residence farther to the south, probably in the neighbor-
hood of Cuenca, but whose power certainly extended farther north than Quito, perhaps as
far as the domains of the Chibcha peoples in Colombia;' and he supijoses that the Colorado
Indians are the last descendants of that great race which the Incas subdued shortly before
they themselves became the victims of the Spaniards.

"M. Uhle ('Kultur und Industrie Siidamerikanischer Yolker'), who has just made
known another chair from Manta of the same kind as that of Destruges, contents himself
with giving a minute description of the object, and refrains from formulating any
hypothesis. I shall do the same, regarding it as imprudent to risk an ethnographical
theory, however little may be ventured, regarding the peoples so little known as those who
occupied the space between the Chibchas and the Peruvians."

3 8 Dr. Hamy writes : —

" One of the most curious pieces which has been brought to Europe, of the art of
these natives, sometimes grouped together by ethnogTaphers under the name of Caras, is
assuredly the bas-relief (Ko. 11,579) which I have caused to be reproduced on the right
half of Plate XXXI of this album [Galeria Americaine du Musee d'Ethnographie de
Trocadero].

"This sculpture, 0.46 m. high and 0.38i m. wide, is a simple slab of fine stone only
0.056 m. thick, on which some artist of Manabi has represented in very low relief a person
seen in a frame according to an architectural motive rather elementary. Above, in the
centre, is delineated between the pilasters, which are associated in groups of threes and
terminated by unornamented capitals, a semicircular fan composed of nine rays, doubly
enframed. On each side, outside the pilasters, are displayed two unequal crosses sur-
mounting three or four irregular quadrilaterals.

" The head of the figure is itself surrounded by a curved ornament, also composed of
small squares placed side by side, and terminating horizontally to the right and left.

"The face is nearly circular; the forehead is low; the eyes are fully marked; the nose
is straight and prominent; the upper lip is very high, and the position of the mouth
indicated by a slight line. The neck is slender, the body stocky. The arms and the open
legs are remarkably angular. The forearm is bent at right angles to the upj^er arm, and
the hands brought back to the level of the shoulders. The thighs are spread apart and
the lower legs brought together again, showing the f uU width of the back of the enormous
feet. These are all alike borrowed from the geometrical forms imposed by the process of
weaving; and one is led, in comparing this peculiar morphology with that furnished by the

1 It is widest above, and gradually narrows toward the base.

Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 119

ancient textiles of Peru,i to consider this bas-relief from Manabi as an imitation in stone
of tbe textiles of the Inca period. (See farther on, — Plates XLYIII to L, p. 96, and fol-
lowing.)

'' One figure carries on its neck a collar with three rows of feathers, which returns
to the type of the gorget of certain modern Indians of the Sierra. His girdle, which
surrounds the waist, terminates below the pubic in a large fringed disk. Finally he
carries in each hand a large-meshed net formed like a sack, with which he threatens
two large birds which peck at his feet with a long, very thick bill.

"To conclude, this Manabi bas-relief seems to correspond very well to some representa-
tions of a hunting divinity, more or less comparable to Mixooatl of the ancient Mexicans."
(Cf. Sahagun trad, cit., p. 72.)

" We quote here what Zarate has to say about Manabi, with the exception of the part
relating to the giants, which was given in Note 12,

" La gente que habita debajo de la linea y en las faldas della tienen los gestos ajudia-
dos, hablan de papo, andaban tresquilados y sin vestidos, mas que unos pequeiios refajos,
con que cubrian sus vergiienzas. T las indias si embran y amasan y muelen el pan que
en toda aquella provincia se come, que en la lengua de las islas se llama maiz, aunque
en la del Peru se llama zara. Los hombres traen unas camisas cortas hasta el ombligo
y sus vergiienzas defuera. Hacense las coronas casi a manera de frailes, aunque adelante
ni atr^s no traen ningun cabello, sino i, los lados. Precianse de traer muchas joyas de ore
en las orejas y en las narices, mayormente esmeraldas, que se hallan solamente en aquel
paraje, aunque los indios no han querido mostrar los veneros dellas ; creese que nascen
alU, porque se han hallado algunas mezcladas y pegadas con guijarros, que es seSal de
cuajarse dellos. Atanse los brazos y piernas con muchas vueltas de cuentas de oro y de
plata, y de turquesas menudas, y de contezuelas blancas y coloradas, y caracoles, sin
consentir traer a las mujeres ninguna cosa destas. Es tierra muy caliente y enferma,
especiahnente de unas berrugas muy enconadas que nacen en el rostro y otros miembros,
que tienen muy hondas las raices, de peor calidad que las bubas. Tienen en esta
provincia las puertas de los templos h^cia el oriente, tapadas con unos paramentos de
algodon, y en cada templo hay dos flguras de bulto de cabrones negros, ante las cuales
siempre queman lena de arboles que huelen muy bien, que alii se crian, y en rompiendoles
la corteza, distila deUos un licor, cuyo olor trasciende tanto, que da fastidio, y si con ^1
untan algun cuerpo muerto y se lo echan por la garganta, jam4s se corrompe. Tambien
hay en los templos figuras de grandes sierpes, en que adoran ; y demas de los generates,
tenia cada uno otros particulares, segun su trato y oflcio, en que adoraban : los Pescadores
en flguras de triburones y los cazadores segun la caza que ejercitaban, y asi todos los
dem4s ; y en algunos templos, especialmente en los pueblos que llaman de Pasao, en todos
los pilares dellos tenian hombres y ninos, cruciflcados los cuerpos, 6 los cueros tan bien
curados, que no olian mal, y clavadas muchas cabezas de indios, que con cierto cocimiento
las consumen, hasta quedar como un puno. La tierra es muy seca, aunque Uueve a

1 One may profitably consult on this interesting question of artistic morphology a good memoir by Mr. William H.
Holmes, entitled A Study of the Textile Art in its Relation to the Development of Form and Ornament (Extract from
the Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1889. 4to).

120 Contributions to South American Archeology

menudo ; es de pocas aguas dulces, que corren, y todos beben de pozos 6 de aguas
rebalsadas, que llaman jagueyes; hacen las casas de unas gruesas cauas que alii se crian;
el oro que alli nasce es de baja ley ; hay pocas frutas ; navegan la mar con canoas f alcadas,
que son cavadas en troncos de arboles, y con balsas. Es costa de gran pesqueria y mucbas
ballenas. En unos pueblos desta provincia, que llamaban Caraque, tenian sobre las
puertas de los templos unas flguras de hombres con una vestidura de la mesma hecliura de
almatica de diacono." — P. 465.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE ANTHROPOLOGY

OF ECUADOR

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122 Contributions to South American Archeology

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Saville: Antiquities of 3Ianahi, Ecuador 123

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124 Contributions to South American Archeology

BoUaert, William.

On the Ancient or Fossil Pottery found on the Shores of Ecuador. (Memoirs of the
Anthropological Society, London, Vol. Ill, pp. 163-166.)

BoUaert, William (Translator).

On the Idol Human Head of the Jivaro Indians of Ecuador. By Jose Felix Barriero.
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Boussingault, M.

Viajes Cientificos a los Andes Equatoriales, 6 CoUeccion de Memorias sobre Fisica,
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CevaUos, Pedro Fermin.

Eesumen de la Historia del Ecuador, 2d ed., revised. Guayaquil, 1886-89. 6 vols.

Chantre y Herrera, Jose.

Historia de las Misiones de la Compania de Jesus en el Maranon Espanol, 1637-1767.
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Church, George Earl.

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Tercero Libro de las Guerras Civiles del Peru el cual se Llama la Guerra de Quito.
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The Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru. London, Hakluyt Society, 1883. Ix-f-
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Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 125

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CoUini, Angel.

Osservazioni Etnograflche sui Givari. (Memorie dell' Accademia dei Lincei. Eoma,
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Journal du Voyage fait par Ordre du Eoi a I'Equator; Mesure de trois premiers
Degr^s du Meridien dan I'Austral. Paris, 1751. 2 vols. Map, etc.

Condamine, Charles Marie de la.

Eelation Abregee d'un Voyage fait dans I'Interieur de I'Am^rique Meridionale,
Depuis la Cote de la Mer au Sud, jusqu'aux Cotes du Bresil et de la Guyane. Avec
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Dampier, William.

A New Voyage round the World, describing particularly the Isthmus of Panama,
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Dorsey, George A.

Archaeological Investigations on the Island of La Plata, Ecuador. (Field-Columbian
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Flemming, B.

Wandeningen in Ecuador. Leipzig, 1872.

Galindo, Enrique Vaca.

Nanijukima, Eeligion, Usos. y Costumbres de los Salvajes del Oriente del Ecuador.
Ambato, 1895. vii + 353 p.

Gerstacker, Friedrich.

Achtzen Monate in Sud Amerika. Leipzig, 1863.

126 Contributions to South American Archeology

Habel, S.

The Sculptures of Santa Lucia Cosumawliuapa in Guatemala, with an Account of
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Hamy, E. T.

Galerie Americaine du Musee d'Ethnographie de Trocadero. Paris, 1897. 2 parts.
50 plates with text descriptions.

Hamy, E. T.

Le Tombeau de los tres Molinos, pres Guano (Equateur). Decades Americanse 1-2.
lY, pp. 27, 28. Paris. Plate.

Hamy, E. T.

Nouveaux Eeseignements sur les Indiens Jivaros. Decades Americanae 3-4. XXY,
pp. 43-58. Paris.

Hassaurek, E.

Four Years among Spanish- Americans. Cincinnati, v -f- 401 p.

Herrera, Antonio de.

Historia General de los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y-Tierre Firme del Mar
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Herrera, Pablo.

Apuntes para la Historia de Quito. Quito, 1874. 84 p.

Heuzey, L.

Le Tresor de Cuenca (Perou). Gazette de Belles Artes. Paris, 1870. 16 p. 1 fig.

Holinski, Alexandre.

L'Equateur, Scenes de la Yie Sud-Americaiue. Paris, 1861.

Humboldt, Alexander von (Helen Maria Williams, Translator).

Eesearches concerning the Institutions and Monuments of the Ancient Inhabitants of
America, with Descriptions and Yiews of some of the most Striking Scenes in the
Cordilleras. London, 1814. 2 vols. Illustrated.

Humboldt, Alexander von.

Yues des Cordilleras et Monumens des Peuples Indigenes de I'Amerique. 2 vols.
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Icazbalceta, Joaquin Garcia (Translator).

Eelacion de la Conquista del Peru, pp. 301-423. By Pedro Sancho. From the
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Intercontinental Eailway Commission.

A Condensed Eeport of the Transactions of the Commission and of the Surveys and
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Saville: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 127

Intercontinental Kailway Commission.

Eeport of Surveys and Explorations made by Corps jSTo. 2 in Costa Eica, Colombia,
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Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos.

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Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos.

Taravies Quiteiios. (Proceedings of the International Congress of Americanists,
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Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos (Editor).

Historia del Nuevo Mundo. By Bernabe Cobo. Published by the Sociedad Bibliofilos
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Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos (Editor).

Memorias Antiguas Historiales y Politicas del Peru. By D. Fernando Montesinos.
(Coleccion de Libros Espaiioles Earos 6 Curiosos, Tom. 16. Madrid, 1882. xxxii +
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Eelacion de Antiguedades deste Eeyno del Pirii. By Don Joan de Santacruz
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Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos (Editor).

Eelacion de los Costumbres Antiguas de los Naturales del Pirti. (Tres Eelaciones de
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Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos (Editor).

Eelacion del Origen, Descendencia, Politica y Gobierno de los Incas. By Fernando de
Santillan. (Tres Eelaciones de Antiguedades Peruanas Publicalas el Ministerio
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Jimenez de la Espada, Marcos (Editor).

Eelaciones Geograflcas de Indias Publicalas el Ministerio de Fomento. Madrid,
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Juan, Jorge, y Ulloa, Antonio de.

Eelacion Historica del Yiage a la America Meridional Hecho de Orden de S. Mag.,
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128 Contribtitions to South American Archeology

Lubbock, John.

I^ote on the Macas Indians. Plate, natural size, colored, of shrunken head. (Journal
of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. Ill, pp. 29-31.
1874.)

Maldonado, P. Paz.

Informacion sobre los Usos, Eitos, y Costumbres de los Puruhaes. (MS. en Eeal
Archivo de Indias en Sevilla.)

Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor).

A Narrative of the Errors, False Gods, and other Superstitions and Diabolical Eites
in which the Indians of the Provinces of Huarochiri lived in Ancient Times. By Dr.
Francisco Avila. (Contained in Narratives of the Eites and Laws of the Tncas.
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Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor).

An Account of the Antiquities of Peru. By Juan de Santa Cruz Pachacuti-yamqui
Salcamayhua. (Contained in Narratives of the Eites and Laws of the Yncas.
- London, Hakluyt Society, 1873.)

Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor).

An Account of the Fables and Eites of the Tncas. By Christoval de Molina.
(Contained in Narratives of the Eites and Laws of the Yncas. London, Hakluyt
Society, 1873.)

Markham, Clements E. (Translator).

First Part of the Eoyal Commentaries of the Tncas. By Garcilasso de la Yega.
London, Hakluyt Society, 1871. 2 vols. Map.

Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor).

Narrative of the Proceedings of Pedrarias Davila in the Provinces of Tierra Firme or
Castilla del Oro, and of the Discovery of the South Sea and the Coasts of Peru and
Nicaragua. By Pascual de Andagoya. Hakluyt Society, No. 34. London, 1865.
8vo. Map.

Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor).

Narratives of the Bites and Laws of the Tncas. From the original Si)anish manu-
scripts. London, Hakluyt Society, 1873. xx -f 220 p. 1 plate. 3 text figs.

Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor).

Eeport. By Polo de Ondegarde. (Contained in Narratives of the Eites and Laws of
the Tncas. London, Hakluyt Society, 1873.)

Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor).

The Second Part of the Chronicle of Peru. By Pedro de Cieza de Leon. London,
Hakluyt Society, 1883. Ix + 247 p.

SavilJe: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 129

Markham, Clements E. (Translator and Editor).

The Travels of Pedro de Cieza de Leon, A.D. 1532-50. (Contained in the First Part
of his Chronicle of Peru. London, Hakluyt Society, 18G4. Ivii + 438 p. Map.)

Mendoza, Torres de (Editor).

Descripcion de los Pneblos de la Jurisdicion del Corregimiento de la Villa del Villar
Don Pardo, en la Provincia de los Purguayes. (Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos,
del Archivo de Indias, Tom. IX, pp. 452-488.)

Merisalde y Santisteban, Joaquin de.

Eelacion Historica Politica y Moral de la Ciudad de Cuenca. (Coleccion de Libros
que tratan de America Earos 6 Curiosos. Tom. XL Madrid, 1894.)

Merritt, J. King.

Eemarks on the Mummied Heads taken from the Jivaro Indians of Ecuador. (Bulletin
of the Proceedings of the American Ethnological Society, January-March, 1863,
pp. 13-16.)

Molina, Christoval de (Clements E. Markham, Translator and Editor).

An Account of the Fables and Eites of the Tncas. (Contained in Narratives of the
Eites and Laws of the Tncas. London, Hakluyt Society, 1873.)

Montenegro.

Itinerario para parrocos de Indios. Amberes, 1726.

Montesinos, D. Fernando (Marcos Jimenez de la Espada, Editor).

Memorias Antiguas Historiales y Politicas del Peru. (Coleccion de Libros Espanoles
Earos 6 Curiosos, Tom. 16. Madrid, 1882. xxxii + 176 p.)

Moreno, Maiz.

Tete d'Indien Jivaro (Peru oriental) conservee momifee par un procede particulier,
avec quelques renseignements sur les Jivaros. (Bulletin Societe d'Anthropologie
de Paris, Tom. Ill, p. 185. 1862.)

Myers, H. M. and P. V. N.

Life and Nature under the Tropics. New York, 1871. 8vo.

Oliva, AneUo.

Historia del Eeino y Provincias del Peru, de sus Incas Eeyes Descubrimiento y
Conquista por los Espaiioles, con otras Singularidades concernientes a la Historia.
Escrito en 1598, y pubUcado despues de tres siglos por J. Pazos Varela. Lima, 1895.
8vo. xxxl + 217 p.

Ondegarde, Polo de (Clements E. Markham, Translator and Editor).

Eeport. (Contained in Narratives of the Eites and Laws of the Yncas. London,
Hakluyt Society, 1873.)

Orbigny, Alcide de.

L'Homme Americain (de I'Amerique Meridionale) considere sous ses Eapports Physi-
ologiques et Moraux. 2 vols. 8vo. xxviii + 423 p. ; iv 312 and 4to atlas, 15 plates,
and map.

130 Contributions to South American Archeology

Orton, James.

The Andes and the Amazon ; or, across the Continent of South America. 3d ed.,
revised. New York, 1871. xxii + 645 p. Map and ills.

Osculati, Gaetano.

Esplorazione delle Eegione Equatorial! Lunge il Nape ed il flume delle Amazzoni, etc.
Milano, 1850. 8vo. 36 p.

Pachacuti Tamqui, Don Joan de Santacruz (Mdrcos Jimenez de la Espada, Editor).

Eelacion de Antiguedades deste Eeyno del Piru. (Tres Eelaciones de Antiguedades
Peruanas Publicalas el Ministerio de Fomento, pp. 229-328. Madrid, 1879.)

Pector, D^sir^.

Notes sur I'Americainisme quelques-une de ses Lacunes en 1900. Ecuador, pp. 110-123.
Paris, 1900.

Phillipi, Eudolfo A.

Una Cabeza humana adorada como Dios entre los Jivaros (Ecuador). Anales de la
Universidad de Santiago de Chile.

Pigorini, L.

Di alcuni oggetti etnologici deU' Ecuador posseduti del Museo preistorico ed etno-
grafico de Eoma. Atti de' Lincei Mem. CI, Ser. 3, Vol. VII, pp. 36-46. 2 plates.

Pio Montufar y Fiasco, Juan.

Eazon sobre el Estado y Gobernacion Politica y Militar de la Jurisdiccion de Quito
en 1754. (Coleccion de Libros que tratan de America Earos 6 Curiosos, Tom. XI.
Madrid, 1894.)

Pizarro, Pedro.

Eelaciones del Descubrimiento y Conquista de los Eeynos del Peru. (Coleccion de
Documentos Ineditos para la Historia de Espana. Tom. V, pp. 201-388. 1842.)

Prescott, William H.

History of the Conquest of Peru, with a Preliminary View of the Civilization of the
Incas. Philadelphia, 1874. 2 vols.

Eeiss, W.

Carta del Dr. W. Eeiss, A.S.E., el Presidente de la Eepublica sobre sus Viajes a las
Montanas del sur de la Capital. Quito, 1873. 22 p.

Eivet, Dr.

Etude sur los Indiens de la Eegion de Eiobamba. (Journal de la Soci^t^ des Amer-
icanistes de Paris, N.S., Vol. I, No. 1, pp. 58-80. 1903.)

Eivet, Dr.

Le Christianisme et les Indiens de la Eepublique de I'Equateur. (L'Anthropologie,
Vol. XVII, Nos. 1, 2, pp. 81-101. Paris, 1896. 1 plate, 9 text figs.)

Saville: Ant iquifies of JIatiabi, Ecuador 131

Eivet, Dr.

Los Indiens Colorados. Eecit de Voyage et Etude Etlinologique. (Journal Soci^te
des Americanistes de Paris, N.S., Vol. II, Xo. 2, pp. 117-208. 1905. 5 plates, 1 fig.)

Sancho, Pedro (Joaquin Garcia Icazbalceta, Translator).

Eelacion de la Conquista del Peru, pp. 301-423. From the Italian. Mexico.
Original text publislied by Eamusio, iJ^avegatione et Viaggi.

Santillan, Fernando de (Marcos Jimenez de la Espada, Editor).

Eelacion del Origen, Descendencia, Politica y Gobierno de los Incas. (Tres Eelaci-
ones de Antiguedades Peruanas Publicalas el Ministerio de Fomento, pp. 1-133.
Madrid, 1879.)

Seler, Eduard.

Notizen iiber die Sprache der Colorados von Ecuador, pp. 3-17. jS'achtrag A, Die
Verwandten Sprachen der Cayapa und der Colorados von Ecuador, pp. 18-48. IS'acli-
trag B, Die Sprache der Indianer von Esmeraldas, pp. 49-64. (Gesammelte Abhand-
lungen zur Amerikanischen Sprach- und Alter- thumskunde, Vol. I. Berlin, 1902.)

Seler, Eduard.

Peruanische Alterthumer Insbesondere Alterperuanlsche Gefasse der Chibcha und der
Tolima-und-Cauca-Staume, Goldschmuck, etc. Herausgegeben von der Verwaltung
des Koniglichen Museums fur Volkerkunde zu Berlin. Berlin, 1893. Folio, xiv p.
64 plates. Plate XLVIII, Ecuador; plates XLIX-LXIV, Colombia.

Senez6, Vidal.

Viaje de Vidal Seneze y Juan Noetzli por los Eepublicas del Ecuador y del Peru,
1876-77. (Bol. Soc. de Geographic Paris. Trimestre 4. 1885.)

Simson, Alfred-
Notes on the Jivaros and Canelos Indians. (Journal of the Anthropological Institute
of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. IX, pp. 385-393. 1880.)

Simson, Alfred.

Notes on the Piojes of the Putomayo. (Journal of the Anthropological Institute of
Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. VIII, pp. 210-222. 1879.)

Simson, Alfred.

Notes on the Zaparos. (Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and
Ireland, Vol. VII, pp. 502-510. 1878.)

Simson, Alfred.

Travels in the Wilds of Ecuador and the Exploration of the Putomayo Eiver.
London, 1877. v + 270 p. Map.

Simson, Alfred.

Vocabulary of the Zaparo Language. (Journal of the Anthropological Institute of
Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. VIII, pp. 223-227. 1879.)

132 Contributions to South American Archeology

Stevenson, W. B.

A Historical and Descriptive j^arrative of a Twenty Tears' Eesidence in South
America. London, 1825. 3 vols.

Stubel, Alphons.

Carta de Dr. A. Stubel, A.S.E., el Presidente de la Eepublica sobre sus Viajes a las
Montanas Chimborazo, Altar, y en especial sobre sus Ascensiones al Tunguragua y
Cotapaxi. Quito, 1873.

Stubel, Alphons.

Skizzen aus Ecuador. lUustrirter Katalog Ausgestellter Bilder. Berlin, 1886. 4to.
xiii + 96 p. 63 ill.

Stubel, A. y W. Eeiss.

Indianer-typen aus Ecuador und Colombia. Berlin, 1888. Albun 8vo. 1 table,
28 plates.

Stubel, A., W. Eeiss, B. Koppel, y M. Uhle.

Kultur und Industrie Sudamerikischer Volker. 2?ach den in Besitze des Museums fur
Yolkerkunde zu Leipzig Beflndlichen Sammlungen. Text und Beschreibung der
Tafeln von Max Uhle. Berlin, 1889. 2 vols. Folio. Erster Band, Alte Zeit.
Zweiter Band, Neve Zeit. Text and plates. Many plates devoted to the archeology
and ethnology of Ecuador and Colombia.

Suarez, Federico Gonzalez.

E studio Historico sobre los Canaris Antiguos Habitantes de la Provincia del Azuay
en la Eepubhca del Ecuador. Quito, 1878. 8 + 55 p. 5 plates.

Suarez, Federico Gonzalez.

Historia General de la Eepublica del Ecuador, and Atlas Arqueologica Ecuatoriano.
Quito, 1890-1903. 9 vols. The atlas, published 1892, contains text, xiii + 210 p.
I-XLIV plates. Plates XI-XIX are of antiquities from the coast.

Suarez, Federico Gonzalez.

Investigaciones Arqueoligicas sobre los Aborigenes del Carchi y de Imbabura. Quito.

Suarez, Federico Gonzalez.

Prehistoria Ecuatoriana. Ligeras Eeflexiones sobre las Eazas Indigenas que Pobla-
ban Antiguamente el Territorio Actual de la Eepublica del Ecuador. Quito, 1904.
V -)- 87 p. 5 plates.

Terry, Adrian E.

Travels in the Equatorial Eegion of South America in 1832. Hartford, 1834. 290 p.
Plate.

Vega, Garcilasso de la (Clements E. Markham, Translator).

First Part of the Eoyal Commentaries of the Yncas. London, Hakluyt Society, 1871.
2 vols. Map.

SavilJe: Antiquities of Manahi, Ecuador 133

Velasco, Juan de.

Historia del Keino de Quito en la America Meridional, Alio de 1789. Tom. I, que
contiene la Historia Natural. 2 -f iii + 231 + 5 p. Quito, 1844. Tom. II, que contiene
la Historia Antigua. 2 + iii + 210 + 2 p. Quito, 1841. Tom. Ill, que contiene la
Historia Moderna. 2 + vii + 252 + 8 p. Quito, 1842.

Viaje del Capitan Pedro Texeira Aguas Arriba del Eio de las Amazonas, 1638-39.
Madrid, Marcos Jimenez de la Espada, 1889. 131 p. Map.

Vigne, G. T.

Travels in Mexico, South America, etc. London, 1863. 2 vols. (Travelled from
Guayaquil to Eiobamba, Quito, Popoyan, and direct to Bogota.)

Villavicencio, Manuel.

Geografla de la EepubUca del Ecuador. New York, 1858. ix + 505 p. Plates, maps.

Villavicencio, Manuel.

Para la Historia del Ecuador. Quito, 1891.

"Vincent, Frank.

Around and about South America, Twenty Months of Quest and Inquiry, ifew York,
1891. xxiv + 473 p. Maps, plans, and illustrations.

Wagner, Moritz Friedrich.

Eeisen in Ecuador. Berlin, 1864.

Whymper, Edward.

Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator. IN'ew York, 1894. xxiv + 459 p.
Maps and illustrations.

Wiener, Charles.

Les Indiens Colorados et les Sieges de Pierre de la Eegion de Manabi. 1 fig. (Eevue
d'Ethnographie, Vol. I, pp. 454-458. Paris, 1882.)

Williams, Helen Maria (Translator).

Eesearches concerning the Institutions and Monuments of the Ancient Inhabitants of
America, with Descriptions and Views of some of the most Striking Scenes in the
Cordilleras. By Alexander von Humboldt. London, 1814. 2 vols. Illustrated.

Wilson, J. S.

Geological IfTotes of the Pacific Coast of Ecuador, and on some Evidences of the
Antiquity of Man in that Eegion. 1 text illustration, cross-section of Point at
Chancama, Esmeraldas. (Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London,
Vol. XXII, Part I, pp. 567-570. 1886.)

Wolf, Theodor.

Geografia y Geologia del Ecuador. Leipzig, 1892. xii + 671 p. 12 plates, 2 maps,
47 text illustrations.

134 Contributions to South American Archeology

Wolf, Theodor.

Hierogiypliisclie Steininschrift aus Ecuador. 2 figures of pictographs on rocks near
Eio Oaluguru near Santa Eosa, cordillera of Chilla. (Yerliandlungen der Berliner
Gesellschaft fur Ethnologie, pp. 222, 223. 1880.)

Wolf, Tlieodor.

Viajes Cientiflcos por la Eepublica del Ecuador, Tom. I (Eelacion de un Viaje
Geognostico por la Provincia de Loja con una Carta Geografica j otra Geologica).
Guayaquil, 1879. iv + 59 p.

Wolf, Tlieodor.

Yiajes Cientiflcos por la Eepublica del Ecuador, Tom. II (Eelacion de un Yiaje
Geognostico por la Provineia del Azuay con una Carta Geografica y otra Geologica).
Guayaquil. 78 p.

Wolf, Theodor.

Yiajes Cientiflcos por la Eepublica del Ecuador, Tom. Ill (Memoria sobre la
Geografla y Geologia de la Provincia de Esmeraldas con ima Carta Geografica).
Guayaquil, 1879. 87 p.

Zarate, Agustin.

Historia del Descubrimiento y Conquista de la Provincia del Peru, y de las Guerras y
Cosas, Senaladas en Ella, Acaecidas hasta el Yencimiento de Gonzalo Pizarro y de
sus Secuaces, que en Ella se Eebelaron contra su Majestad. (Biblioteca de Autores
Espanoles. Historiadores Primitivos de Indias. Tom. 2, pp. 459-574. Madrid, 1853.)

Xerez, Francisco de.

Yerdadera Eelacion de la Conquista del Peru. (Coleccion de Libros que tratan de
America Earos 6 Curiosos, Tom. I. Madrid, 1891. 176 p.)

Andre Ed.

L'Amerique Equinoxiale (Colombie-Equateur-Perou) 1875-1876. (Tour du Monde,
XXXI Y, pp. 1-64; XXXY, pp. 129-224; XXXYII, pp. 97-144; XXXYIII, pp. 273-
368 ; XLY, pp. 337-416. Illustrated).

Bamps, Anatole.

Les Antiquites Equatoriennes de Musee Eoyal d'Antiquites de Bruxelles. (Bull, de
la Soci^te Eoyal de Beige de Geographic, Yol. 12, pp. 121-253. Illustrated).

Cermak, Kliment.

Prahistorische Alterthumer von Ecuador in Amerika. (Yerhandlungen der Berliner
Gesellschaft fur Ethnologie, pp. 470-471, 4 text figures. 1894).

Flemming, Bernhard.

Die Quechuas von Ecuador. (Globus, Yol. XXXIII, p. 24. 1878). '

Geoffroy, J.

De Quito au Para. (Bull, de la Societe de Geographic de Paris, p. 140. 1880-1881).

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador 135

Kollberg, Joseph.

Nach Ecuador. Eeisebilder. Freiburg, XVIII-550. 1885. Illustrated.

Markham, Clements E.

On Quartz-Cutting Instruments of the Ancient Inhabitants of Chanduy, near Guayaquil.
(Journal of the Anthropological Society, Vol. II, pp. 57-61. 1864).

Pigorini, L.

Di una collezione deUa republica dell'Equator. (Bol. Soc. Geog. Italiana, XV, 97-102).

Pigorini, L.

Di una raccolta etnologica della republica dell'Equator. Eoma, 1881.

Eivet, Dr.

Les Indiens de Mallasquer. Etude ethnologique. (Bull, et Mem. de la Soci^t^
D'Anthropologie de Paris. 5th Series, Tom. V, pp. 144^152. 1904).

Eivet, Dr.

Le " Huicho " des Indiens Colorados. (Bull, et Mem. de la Soci^t4 D'Anthropologie
de Paris. 5th series, Tom. V, pp. 116-117. 1904).

Eivet, Dr.

Cinq Ans D'Etudes Anthropologiques Dans La Eepublique De L'Equateur. 1901-1906.
(Journal Soci6te des Americanistes de Paris, N. S., Vol. Ill, No. 2, pp. 231-237.
1906. Map).

Eeiss, W.

Eiu Besuch bei den Jivaros-Indianern. (Verhandlungen der GeseUschaft fur Erdkunde.
Berlin, 1880, pp. 325-337).

Wilczynski, H.

Worterverzeichnisse der Cayapa und der Quichua. (Verhandlungen der Berliner
GeseUschaft fur Ethnologic, Vol. XIX, pp. 597-599. 1887).

Wilczynski, H.

Contributions toward a Vocabulary of the Cayapas. (Journal of the Anthropological
Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. XVIII, p. 304. 1889).

Wilson, James S.

Geological Notes of the Pacific Coast of Ecuador, and on Some Evidences of the
Antiquity of Man in that Eegion. (Geological and Natural History Eei^ertory, Vol I,
pp. 345-. 1865-1867).

ERRATA

P. <}, line 2, for grass read palm.

P. 09, line 21, for Wuito read Quito.

P. 112, line 7, for Gardia read Garcia.

P. Ill, lines 7 and 8, for Arqueologica read Arqueologico.

P. 115, line 2, for Arqueologica read Arqueologico.

P. 126, line 22, for Belles Artes read Beaux- Arts.

P. 126, line 22, for 1 fig. read 1 figs.

P. 132, line 7, for Cotapaxi read Cotopaxi.

P. 132, line 18, for Neve read Neue.

P. 132, line 24, for Arqueologica read Arqueologico.

P. 132, line 28, for Arqueologicas read Arqueologicos.

P. 133, line 10, for Popoyan read Popayan.

P. 133. line 34, for 1886 read 1866.

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Plate XXVII.

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Plate XXXI.

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Plate XXXV.

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Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador.

Plate XXXVI.

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Plate XXXVIII.

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Plate XXXIX.

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Plate XLn.

11

12

13

14

10

Copper Objects, Pottery Vessels and Stamps.

Saville: Antiqiiities of Manabi, Ecuador.

Plate XLin.

10

14

13

Designs on Spindle-Whorls.

Saville: ArLtiqixities of Manabi, Ecuador.

XLIV.

10

11

12

13

14

17

Designs on Spindle-Whorls.

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecu-ador.

Plate XLV.

10

11

12

14

15

16

17

Designs on Spindle-Whorls.

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador.

Plate XLVI.

10

11

13

15.

14

16

Designs on Spindle-Whorls.

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Eciiador.

Plate XLVn.

10

n

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14

15

16

Designs on Spindle-Whorls.

Saville: Antiqu.ities of Manabi, Ecuador.

Plate XLVin.

11

12

13

14

15

16

18

17

Designs on Spindle-Whorls.

Saville; Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador.

Plate XLIX.

13

14

Whistles.

15

Saville: Antiq^iities of Manabi, Eciiador.

Plate L.

^^B^^^

Whistles.

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador.

Plate LI.

Human Figures.

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador.

Plate Ln.

10

Human Heads.

Saville: Aiitiqiiities of Manabi, Ecuador.

Plate Lin.

HuMy^N Heads.

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Eciiador.

Plate LIV.

Human Heads and Fragment of Vessel.

Saville: Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador.

Plate LV.

Animal Heads.

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